Patient of this kind of amnesia most of the time display a worse retrograde than anterograde amnesia, just the opposite of organic amnesia. In addition, psychogenic amnesia usually loses their personal identities, which is never experienced by organic amnesia.

How to Study More Effectively

1. The best way to remember material is to make it meaningful to you personally. For instance, when you study a foreign language, imagine your self falling in love using the language.

2. Try to concentrate on concentrating. You forget much by not paying enough attention in the first place.

3. When you study for the firs time, absorb the materials as large chunk as possible. Spread out your study periods when you review before the exam relearning for several days works than doing it in just a day.

4. Reconstruct the notes in your own words, this kind of recoding helps imprint the information and help retention.

5. Practice and rehearse what you learn, reciting key points mentally or loudly or loudly ensure remembering.

6. Formulate some cues for retrieving like putting some heading in your notes.

7. Try to combine verbal and visual images for as long as possible.

8. Remove all form of interference. Eliminate conflicts in studying. Avoid studying two or three test at a time or on the same day.

9. Study first the difficult topics or make it last, to avoid the primacy and the regency effects. In primacy affects, information that are first perceived are more likely to be recalled while in regency effect, information perceived last is more likely to be remembered.

10. Pick out only some key words, don’t try to memorize every detail.

11. Give more time to study difficult subject.

12. Employ some mnemonic devices that can help you remember information. You can use here visual imagery to help you in making associations for better memory.

forgetting – Means failure to retain what is previously learned, It is the extent with which learned information is lost.

Theories of Forgetting

1. Interference theory – Holds that the cause of forgetting is because of conflict among informational learned earlier or later.

a. Proactive interference (P.L) occurs when old learned items impair the retention of the new material to be learned.

b. Retroactive interference (R.I) – takes place when the new material learned obliterate old materials learned even if we learned it well.

2. Decay theory – Suggests the lapse of time is the reason for forgetting. Memory traces disintegrate through disuse of learned information. Rehearsal has been found to prevent the decay of memory traces. This theory is used only for short-term memory (STM) where in the STM is easily lost due to fading away of memory trace if it is converted to a long term memory (LTM) (LTM).

3. Retrieval based forgetting – This is a form cue – dependent forgetting. In retrieval failure, the memory trace is present, but one just cannot bring out the information. This shows that even normal people usually have difficulty of retrieving memories. If there is a change in the environment and the cues we depend on to retrieve are absent, the memory then become inaccessible

4. Storage based forgetting - this is due to distortion of learned information in the log term memory like if alteration and changes occurred that prevent them from being accessible when one is in search of what they used to be. It is possible to retrieve such learned information if its new form is looked in to.

5. Motivated forgetting – may take the form of suppression, a purposeful or voluntary process of blocking the information learned. This is also called conscious forgetting. Repression takes place if there is involuntary or unconscious forgetting, like in the case in forgetting traumatic experiences. Repression takes place without the conscious effort of individual.

Thinking and Problem Solving

Nature and meaning of thinking The ability to think makes man superior compared to all other creatures. This thinking capacity enables him to cope with the countless changing demands in everyday living. It is through the products of thinking and reasoning of man that the human race has survived. Advancement in technology and numerous other inventions result to thinking.

Indeed, had not our ancestors pass the products of their thinking in every generations that succeeds, it would have been extra difficult for human race to have survived the tremendous change of the environment and demands of life.

Thinking is a kind of covert behavior and as such, it is an internal process, thus, it is hard to observe scientifically.

A logical analysis of thinking would mean that the following processes are involved in if-there has to be previous representative processes like sensations, perceptions, experiences, and learning most frequently. Thus, thinking maybe objects that are physically absent to the senses. Symbols used maybe numbers, words or language, gestures visual images, graphs, pictures and diagrams. Usually, the though created in the absence of immediate stimulus is the product of thinking.

Kinds of Thinking

The two extreme form of thinking where we indulged daily are:

A. Realistic Thinking – is one where you direct your thinking towards problem solving and decision-making. It is primarily determined by the needs of the needs of external situations.

Two types of realistic thinking according to sir frederick batllet

1. Close-system thinking – this is guided by the rules and conventions toward the solution to the problem like solving algebra. It is similar to formal reasoning where logical rules are employed in solving certain problem.

2. Adventurous thinking is similar to creative thinking in that it allows one to devise their own methods for the purpose of finding a solution to a problem. This is analogous to the practice of informal reasoning, in which an individual applies the reasoning he or she uses in daily life to answer certain issues.

Realistic thinking involves three different processes: a. deductive reasoning, which involves making a conclusion based on the facts that are now accessible or synthesizing several pieces of information that have been obtained from a variety of sources before coming to a conclusion.

b. Inductive thinking is when you attempt to construct test hypotheses as well as go beyond the existing facts to solve particular issues. c. Deductive thinking is when you try to draw conclusions from the facts that are already known.

Evaluative and critical thinking are two different ways of thinking about the same thing. Evaluative thinking is when you assess the acceptability, soundness, or appropriateness of an idea or product based on specific norms or standards.

B. Autistic thinking, on the other hand, is a kind of thinking in which you participate in thinking just for the enjoyment of it, similar to how daydreaming and wishful thinking are examples of this type of thinking.

The ins and outs of thinking

The exact nature of the thinking process, as well as the significant symbols that go along with it and make it possible, has been the subject of debate among psychologists. Psychologists have different perspectives on how the brain plays a significant role in the process of thinking, but both agree that it is controversial. The second hypothesis is based on the supposition that the mechanism of thinking may be broken down into the following three parts:

1. The function of movements of the muscles that are not consciously controlled, such as those that take place during our mental processes but of which we are not consciously aware since they take place on the interior of the body. On the other hand, this may be discovered with the use of a specialized device that, once it is fastened to the individual, can capture the tracings of his skeletal and muscular movements.

2. The Role of Language, which refers to the significant role that language and word symbol play as a primary trigger in thinking.

The importance of pictures and the fact that they play a significant role in human thinking despite the fact that it has been shown that thinking may occur even in the absence of images

Problem Solving

In most cases, a problem occurs when there seems to be an impediment that prevents you from achieving your objective that may meet your wants and your reasons for doing so. Just in case you don't have an answer and a solution to the issue already prepared, here's one. This will require engaging in a task with the intention of removing obstacles in the path between your need and your objective. Given that prostration are prevalent in all aspect of your life, it is essential to recognize that the vast majority of your activity is likely composed of activities that involve finding solutions to problems.

Does the process of thinking play a role in your solution to every issue that you solve? The following are some of the approaches that may be taken to assist solutions to our problem:

1.The process of trial and error - Sometimes, the only way to solve an issue is by trying several things until you find one that works. This approach is often used by lesser creatures and animals. But the try and error process isn't always completely random. When this happens, you won't have to rely on the tried-and-true method of learning via trial and error; rather, you'll be able to use your prior knowledge to test various hypotheses and solutions to the difficulties you're facing, because you already have some experience with them.

2. Production is the process of coming up with a number of different ideas for potential solutions. The solution to a straightforward issue is as straightforward as retrieving the necessary data from long-term memory, in contrast to other issues, which call for more involved strategies. There are three fundamental categories of solution strategies, which are as follows:

a. An algorithm is a method that searches through all of the potential answers until it discovers the one that is accurate. In many cases, algorithms are completely unnecessary, and even when they are there, they can require a significant amount of time to execute. For the anagram UHB, for example, an algorithm might include trying every conceivable combination of the three letters (BHU, UBH, BUH, and HBU) until HUB is found, which is the word whose letters should be arranged in the right sequence.

b. Mean-End analysis: This is an analysis in which you attempt to determine whether or not there is a difference between the current situation and the goal that you want to achieve.

C. Working Backward: This method involves beginning one's search for a solution at the beginning of the journey toward the end aim and then working one's way toward the midway or a given circumstance.

3. Insight = "aha solution," or flashes of insights involve the sudden realization of a certain solution to a problem. Insight refers to a person's ability to perceive the relationships that are significant in a given situation towards the solution of the problem. Insights involve the sudden realization of a certain solution to a problem.

The Process of Solving Problems

1. Clearly articulate the issue at hand — Determine the particular nature of the issue. Maintain a state of awareness and curiosity.

2. Create a working hypothesis; hypotheses are essentially educated guesses that might one day be proven correct and provide a solution to the issue at hand.

3. Putting the Suggestions to the Test and Evaluating Them The proposed solutions or hypotheses are put to an objective test.

4. The production of potential solutions to the problem involves testing all of the proposed hypotheses and selecting the one that produces the best results as the potential solution to the issue.

5. Conclusion and Generalization: Following the completion of the preceding steps, a conclusion and generalization are drawn.

The Intentions Behind Feelings and How They Work

An emotion is a characteristic experience or state of awareness, such as happiness or sorrow, that represents the individual importance of an event that is capable of triggering certain emotions in a person.

- it also involves changes to the face and body, activation of the brain, cognitive assessments, subjective sensations, and dispositions toward action, all of which are formed by cultural laws.

An emotion is a feeling that is experienced privately and may be interpreted in a variety of ways. People might recount a wide variety of remarkable feelings and experiences that they have had in their lives. Some of them are accompanied with evident signals of happiness or discomfort, but the majority of them don't have any visible markers.

Certain patterns of reactions may be used to characterize a person's current emotional state. In particular, these reactions include visceral organs that have their own independent nervous systems, such as the heart or the stomach.

Components That Make Up an Emotion

As an expression or exhibition of different physical and autonomic reactions, emotion, when taken into consideration, should take into account the following elements:

* The Physical Form * The Mental Makeup * The Societal Context

The Primordial Feelings of the Body