Positive Psychology University Approved Certificate Course

Name: Positive Psychology University Approved Certificate Course
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Positive Psychology and Literature Psychology Comparative Lessons ; "Current Psychology" Book Gift

Created byPrf. Dr. Bilal Semih Bozdemir

Last updated 10/2025

English

What you'll learn

You will learn Positive Psychology and Literature Psychology Comparative in this course.
You will improve Positive Psychology and Literature Psychology Comparative knowledge in this course.
You will learn Positive Psychology in this course.
You will learn Literature Psychology with Positive Psychology in this course.
You'll find plenty of opportunities in these courses, including traditional degrees. Why not master's and doctorate for professional knowledge?
Virtual learning boosts your careers more than face-to-face classes. You will get Udemy certification from this course.
You will get Udemy certification from this course. If you wish, you can also operate the table in the course to e-government. In order to be a more successful
Virtual classrooms help working students. You do not have to comply with class times.
The work-school balance is most ideal for you in terms of exactly what you want to learn by taking this course.
Students can plan online learning. Work whenever you want. Noisy roommate? Time management prevents distraction. Virtual education is inexpensive. Avoiding comm
Virtual education is inexpensive. Avoiding commuting to campus saves money.
Students spend thousands of dollars on textbooks and resources. This course saves on textbooks.
You'll find plenty of opportunities in these courses, including traditional degrees. Why not master's and doctorate for professional knowledge?.
Virtual learning boosts your careers more than face-to-face classes. You will get Udemy certification from this course. If you wish, you can also operate the ta

Course content

7 sections • 42 lectures • 7h 57m total length

Introduction17:02
Characteristics that Run in Families

Manifestations of the body
Characteristics of the body such as height, build, complexion, and facial features are examples of physical characteristics.

Mental Traits
Examples of mental characteristics include intelligence quotient (IQ), some forms of mental impairment, and a tendency to mental illness.

Special Talents/Abilities
Abilities and skills that are unique to the individual, such as artistic ability, literary ability, athletic ability, musical ability, or numerical ability.

Multiple Lives Are Born

There are two primary mechanisms at play here that account for multiple births.
Monozygotic, sometimes known as identical, twins
After being fertilized by a single sperm, a single egg cell or ovum will then split further into two to produce identical, also known as monozygotic, twins.

Twinning that is not identical or fraternal, or that is dizygotic
Non–identical, fraternal, or dizygotic twins are formed when two eggs or ova are fertilized by two distinct sperm cells, resulting in two sets of separate offspring.

Engineering of Genetics and Biological Systems

In–Vitro Fertilization
Through the process of in–vitro fertilization, an ovum is first removed from the mother's ovary, where it is followed by maturation in an incubator before being fertilized with a little amount of the father's sperm.

Donor-assisted artificial insemination (RAI) (AID)
In the process known as artificial insemination by a donor, or AID, the woman is inseminated with the sperm of a donor, who remains anonymous in most cases. This is done because the lady's husband is unable to have children.

This may encompass the incorporation of elements from their native culture into the programs, offering support in adapting to cultural differences, and offering specialized resources and services tailored to the requirements of international students, such as language learning assistance and initiatives that foster cultural assimilation. The implementation of a comprehensive stress management program, time management program, and the development of coping strategies are essential components of the psychological approach to educational management for students enrolled in private schools.
Low level of Negative effects22:14
Motherhood Provided by a Surrogate
In the situation of surrogate motherhood, which occurs when the father is fertile but the mother is not, the sperm of the biological father is implanted into another woman using artificial insemination.

Cloning/Mapping
The processes of cloning and mapping entailed the production of an exact duplicate or a mirrored image of the original.
The Different Phases of Development

Prenatal Stages

1.1 The ovum or germinal stage lasts for the first two weeks after fertilization, beginning at that point.

1.2. The period of time during which the embryo develops, beginning in the second week and lasting for eight weeks or two months.

The eight weeks leading up to delivery are referred to as the period of the fetus in 1.3.
Unplanned or Naturally Occurring Birth Birth Natural or Spontaneous Birth occurs when the head of the fetus comes first through the birth canal, followed by one shoulder then the other, next by the arms one at a time, and lastly by the legs. Spontaneous birth may also be called a vaginal birth.

Instrument Birth Instrument If the baby is too big or if its location does not allow for the regular birthing process to occur, a delivery with the assistance of surgical equipment may be performed.

Breech Birth
When a breech birth occurs, the buttocks of the unborn baby are the first to emerge, followed by the legs, then the arms, and finally the head.

Birth via a Transverse Presentation
Presentation in a Transverse Direction When the fetus is positioned transversely inside the uterus of the mother, the birthing process may begin.

Birth through Cesarean Section (C–Section)
It is referred to as a Cesarean–Section Birth and occurs when the fetus is delivered surgically via a slit that has been formed in the abdominal wall of the mother.
Sleepless Night17:30
Post Natal Stages

2.1. The Time of Infancy
The period of infancy, which begins at birth and continues for the first two weeks, is broken up into the following stages:
2.1.1 Time during which the Partunate was in Effect
2.1.1. Period of the Partunate This time period encompasses the first fifteen to twenty minutes following delivery, after the umbilical chord has been severed; at this point, the newborn develops into a distinct and autonomous creature.

2.1.2. Stages of Neonatal Development
This section covers the remainder of the infancy period and is referred to as the neonate phase.
During the period of infancy, there are four significant adjustments that take place:
Alteration in Response to Variations in Temperature
Alteration in Response to Variations in Temperature In the uterus of the mother, the temperature is maintained at around 100 degrees Fahrenheit, which is equivalent to 38 degrees Celsius. In the postnatal environment, the temperature is between 70 degrees Fahrenheit and 21 degrees Celsius.

Modifications Made to the Breathing
Adjustment to Breathing after delivery, when the umbilical chord is cut off, the newborn must inhale and exhale air on his own, in contrast to before birth, when oxygen was transferred from the placenta to the umbilical cord. This is known as "adjustment to breathing."

Adaptation to the Process of Consuming Nourishment
Adjustment to Consuming Feeding While in utero, the baby receives regular food via the umbilical cord. After birth, however, the child is responsible for sucking and swallowing his own nourishment on his own.

Adjustment to Elimination
Adaptation to Elimination The excretory organs of the child begin to work a few minutes or hours after delivery. This might take anywhere from a few minutes to many days.

2.2. Babyhood Period
2.2. The Babyhood Period begins during the second week of infancy and continues through the second year of a person's existence.
Positive Psychology21:00
Sucking Reflex
The sucking reflex causes babies to start sucking anything that comes in contact with their lips.

The Reflex to Take Root
Babies that have the Rooting Reflex will move their head in the direction of whatever is stimulating their face or mouth.

Babinski Reflex
Babinski Reflex: when the sole of the baby's foot is touched, there is a spreading apart of the baby's toes.

Darwinian Reflex
The Darwinian Reflex causes the infant to clench their fists firmly on any item that is put in their reach.

Startle or Moro?
When a newborn has a startle response, also known as moro or startle, he will often fling out his arms before gathering them back against his chest after hearing a loud noise.

Reflex of the Pupillaries
The infant experiences a Pupillary Reflex, which causes him to shut his eyes whenever a strong light shines in his direction.

The Reflex of Swimming
The term "swimming reflex" refers to the tendency of infants to display well-coordinated movement when they are submerged face down in water.
The Years of Childhood

The age range covered by the 3.1 Early Childhood Stage is from two to six years.

3.2 The Late Childhood Stage begins at the age of six and continues until the start of puberty, which may occur anywhere between the ages of eleven and twelve years old.
Consequences of Sleepless night17:21
Growth in a physical sense
Some variables determine whether a child's physical development and growth cycle will run slowly, quickly, or at a moderate pace. These factors may also determine whether it will run at all.

Motor Development
The term "motor development" refers to the degree to which a youngster is able to exert control over the motions of his or her own body.

Cognitive Development
The cognitive development of children begins at birth with the capacity for adaptation; yet, many of their functions are not yet fully formed.

Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget, a Swiss biologist and psychologist, provides the most explanations on the development of intellectual capacity.

According to him, the process of cognitive growth may be broken down into four stages:
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 Years)
Infants, during the Sensorimotor Stage (which lasts from birth to two years), rely more on their senses and their motor activities than they do on their thoughts to learn about the world around them.

Phase Before Operations Start (2 to 7 Years)
Children between the ages of 2 and 7 years old are considered to be in the pre-operational stage. At this stage, children utilize symbols like words to represent things like other people and things.

Concretely, the Stage of Operations (7 to 10 Years)
Children reach the Concrete Operational Stage between the ages of seven and ten, at which point they are no longer egocentric.

The Stage of Formal Operations (12 Years and Older)
Youngsters aged 12 and older may participate in the Formal Operation Stage, which encourages children to think like scientists.
Typical way of Sleepless night25:04
The Age of Puberty
This period of time spans from the beginning of puberty through the latter years of childhood. It also touches on the middle years of childhood.

is also referred to as the "Age of Confusion."

The following are the two stages of puberty:

Pre–Pubescence
In prepubescence, changes in main sexual characteristics take place; these are often alterations in the reproductive system. Prepubescence comes before puberty.

Post–Pubescence
Post–puberty is characterized by the cessation of pubic hair development, which is the defining characteristic of this period.

The Stage of Adolescence

There are two distinct stages that make up adolescence:
Young Adolescents, often known as Teenagers
When a person is a teenager or a young adolescent, most pubertal changes take place.

The term "youth" refers to the "older adolescent."
Youth is the older version of the Adolescent stage, characterized by a general lack of sophistication and the manifestation of unrestrained sexual impulses.

The Latin word "adolescere," which means "to develop into adulthood," is whence we get the English word "adolescence."

The Stage of Adulthood

Researchers have paid special attention, over the course of the previous two decades, to the manner in which we mature as adults.
The Beginnings of Adulthood
The Early Adulthood Stage encompasses the years between the ages of 21 and 40.
The Neurons15:48
Middle Adulthood (Middle Age)
Middle age, often known as middle adulthood, refers to the years between the ages of 40 and 60.
Menopause
Women eventually reach a stage in their lives known as menopause, which marks the end of their ability to have children.

Climacteric (Andropause) (Andropause)
Climacteric, also known as andropause, is the end of a man's reproductive potential or a reduction in the active functioning of his sex organ. This happens around the time of climacteric.

Old age or the latter stages of adulthood

The years beyond the age of 60 are referred to as late adulthood or old age.

The "Stage of Senescence" is distinguished by certain physiological and psychological changes that ultimately result in a return to previous phases of development.

The "Age of Senility," also known as the "Senile Stage," is the point in life when a person is considered "senile" if they become odd, absentminded, reckless, and badly adjusted.

A Look at the Physiological Foundations of Behavior

The biological basis behind it all
In its quest to understand human behavior, psychology has absorbed information and research from a variety of other disciplines of study and research. For instance, genetics, sociology, and anthropology have all provided some hints to the mystery that is human conduct.

Only man has the capacity to make intricate patterns of adjustment in response to the myriad of ever-shifting conditions and requirements imposed by his environment. Because of this, man is said to be the "animal par excellence," and he owes his sophisticated and ever-changing behavioral adaptations to the complexity of his neurological system.
Examıne the region of Posıtıve functıon18:53
What what is this "Nervous System" thing?
The brain and the spinal cord are the two primary components of the nervous system.

1.

The brain and the spinal cord are both components of the central nervous system, sometimes known as the CNS.

2.

The peripheral nervous system, also known as the PNS, is made up of all of the nerve fibers that link the receptors to the central nervous system, which in turn connects the CNS to the effectors. The nervous system is responsible for controlling all of the actions and reactions that occur throughout the body. It is mostly composed of neurons, also known as nerve cells, of which there are around one hundred billion.

The Neuronal Cell
The neuron, often known as the nerve cell, is the fundamental component in terms of either the structure or function of the neurological system. The cell membrane, the cytoplasm, and the cell body (the cyton) make up its three components. The core region of the cell contains the nucleus. The next part of the neuron is the dendrite, which is a small branching process that is responsible for receiving nerve impulses and transporting them closer to the cell body. In spite of the fact that axons are the elongated strands with one or more forms at the far end termed end brush, it is the axons that are responsible for transporting messages out from the cell body. Myelin sheath, which acts as insulators for the neuron, covers it and protects it from damage.

According to their specific roles, neurons may be divided into three categories:

1.

Messages or nerve impulses are transported to the brain and other parts of the central nervous system via neurons known as sensory neurons or efferent neurons.
2.
Afferent neurons, also known as motor neurons, are responsible for transmitting signals or nerve impulses out from the brain.
3.
Inter-neurons, connector neurons, or connection neurons are neurons that are found in the brain or the central nervous system and are responsible for transmitting signals or nerve impulses.

the qualities that neurons possess
1.
Irritability may be defined as the capacity of neurons to respond to stimulus from the outside world.
2.
Conductivity may be defined as the capacity of neurons to conduct nerve impulses all the way to the terminal end of a nerve fiber.
Dıstınguısh about Learnıng and Condıtıonıng17:42
Impulse from the Nerves
Once a stimulus is received by the preceptor, it is said to be a stimulus if it activates or starts activity in the recipient of the stimulus. It ultimately results in the production of nerve impulses or signals. After this, it is carried along the nerve fibers by the neurons that are contained inside them. On each neuron is a potential energy that has been stored there. Within the neuron, there is a greater abundance of negatively charged particles than positively charged ones. And have a greater number of positively charged ions outside. The term "resting potential" or "polarization stage" refers to this kind of energy while it is at rest.
Action potential is the term used to describe the firing of the neuron along the axon. These vary anywhere from 2 to 270 miles per hour or 10 meters per second to 120 meters per second. The speed with which nerves move through the fibers of the body is astounding. And does so by traveling across a number of synapses, which are specialized neuronal borders. The gaps that exist between the axons of neurons are called synapses. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, a chemical known as a transmitter is released into the synapse. Then, the next receptor on the neurons that are receiving the impulse "catches" or binds with the chemical. The transmission of nerve impulses takes place in this manner.
The action of a neurotransmitter inside a synapse may either stimulate the receiving neuron, causing it to fire its own impulses, or it can block the neuron from firing, causing it to remain quiet.
It is conceivable for neurons to receive many synaptic inputs virtually at the same time from a variety of sources; nonetheless, it is the total excitatory or inhibitory synaptic current that determines whether or not a particular nerve cell fires.
Because each neuron can typically receive messages from approximately 1,000 other neurons, the number of synaptic connections in the human brain most likely exceeds one trillion (1,000,000,000,000). This is the mechanism that is accountable for all that we think, perceive, feel, or do.
The Rules That Neurons Have to Follow
1.
According to the "all or nothing" rule, a neuron will either respond in some way or not at all; but, if it does react, it will do so with its utmost possible force.
2.
According to the law of dynamic polarity, nerve impulses can only go in one direction from neuron to neuron. This is the only path that they can take.
The primary nerve system of the body
The central nervous system is located in the middle of the body. The brain and the spinal cord form the bulk of its constituent parts. The development of the central nervous system made it possible to establish a link between receptors and effectors, and as a result, a connection was also established between the nerve impulses and signals that originate at the receptor and go to the effectors or organs of reaction. It functions as the mechanism that brings the whole of the human body together.
Posıtıve Emotıons are Important27:59
The Human Brain
It is shielded by the skull and protected by a bath of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), which it floats on. It has the consistency of jelly and is quite soft, and it weighs roughly 1,400 grams. It is the most active component of the body and the organ that controls everything else. It is in charge of coordinating the activities of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It is responsible for relaying messages to the proper parts of the body after receiving them from the spinal cord.
There are three primary categories.
1.
The cerebrum, the Thalamus, and the hypothalamus are all parts of the forebrain.
The cerebral cortex is the most intricate and extensive region of the human brain. Often referred to as the "center of one's awareness." In charge of higher mental tasks such as ceaseless thinking and reasoning, remembering and comprehension, as well as a variety of other cognitive functions. Consist of the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, which are responsible for controlling the right and left sides of the body respectively (respectively). These hemispheres are further split into four lobes, which are referred to as the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, the parietal lobe, and the occipital lobe. The cerebrum is the region of the brain that is most fully formed and has the most diverse set of functions.
The thalamus is located just above the middle of the brain. It functions as a relay station for the impulses that are transmitted to the brain.
The hypothalamus is a smaller bundle of nuclei that is placed beneath the thalamus. It is responsible for maintaining the equilibrium of many bodily systems. It is thought to be the location where feelings are stored. It does this by controlling some of the body's automatic processes, such as temperature, thirst, hunger, and sexual desire, as well as our emotional behavior. This helps to keep the homeostasis stable.
The reticular activating system (RAS) and the limbic system are the two important structures that may be located in the central parts of the cerebral hemispheres.
Our levels of alertness and sleep are both controlled by the RAS. It is a key factor in controlling the level of arousal or awareness that the body experiences.
This intricate network of components is known as the limbic system, and it is situated close to the thalamus and almost directly underneath the cerebrum. The hippocampus, often known as the sea horse, is located in this region of the brain and is important for the modification of short-term memories. It is thought that the amygdale, also known as the ALMOND, is one of the key components of the limbic system that is responsible for aggressive behavior in animals.
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The goal of Student29:04
2. The midbrain is the part of the brain that acts as a connection between the hindbrain and the forebrain. It is in charge of connecting the sensory and motor pathways found in the lower portion of the nervous system with those found in the higher part of the nervous system. Even though it is very tiny, it is considered to be one of the most important parts of the brain. This is due to the fact that it acts as a complex switchboard, receiving nerve impulses from all over the body and then relaying them to the higher brain centers once it has sorted them out.
3. The pons, the medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum are the components that make up the hind brain. It has some kind of relationship with the spinal cord.
In front of the cerebellum is where you'll find the pons. Composed mostly of nerve fibers that connect various areas of the brain to one another in a network.
The medulla oblongata is a relatively tiny structure, measuring approximately one inch in height directly above the spinal cord. It controls the automatic muscles that are responsible for our heartbeat, pace of breathing or respiration, swallowing, and motions of the stomach and intestines. These muscles are not under our conscious control.
The cerebellum, sometimes known as the "small brain," is divided into two halves. It has an affiliation with the brain stem. It has a role in coordinating the voluntary motor movements of the body. Our posture and overall bodily balance are both improved as a result. It gives us the opportunity to improve both our habits and our talents. During speaking, it also controls the movement of our tongue and jaw.
The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is a lengthy structure that looks like a stem and runs along the middle of the vertebral column. Consists of nerves that connect the brain to other parts of the body. The nerves that are found in different areas of the body are each comprised of their own unique nerve fibers. The primary roles of the spinal cord are to serve as connectors for the mechanisms that underlie reflex reflexes and to act as a conduit for the transmission of signals to and from the brain. The gray matter, which includes the connection cells that are responsible for reflex cell activity, is what makes the initial action feasible. And the second by the white matter, which is made up of fibers that go in both ascending and descending directions. As a result of the fact that the spinal cord is accountable for regulating all of the body's functions below the level of the neck, as well as the more fundamental sensory and motor reflexes. It is thought to be the nerve center responsible for reflex reactions.

The monosynaptic reflex, sometimes known as the "simple reflex," and the polysynaptic reflex are the two types of reflexes (complex reflexes). A monosynaptic reflex takes place when a sensory neuron and a motor neuron are connected directly to one another, without the involvement of an intermediate interneuron. When you suddenly pull your hand away from a painful stimulus or blink quickly in response to a loud sound. You are having poly synaptic reflexes, which are more sophisticated reflexes than simple reflexes. In this particular kind of reflex, several synapses are involved in an extensive number of interneurons.
The Phase and the Posıtıve Emotıons20:12
An impulse or message that causes a reflex response travels through a certain path that is variously referred to as the reflex arc, the sensory motor arc, and the spinal cord arc. This is the most basic and fundamental kind of functional organization that may exist between sensory and motor neurons.

This refers to the body's peripheral nervous system.

The second important component of the nervous system is called the spinal cord. Primarily, it may be broken down into two categories:

Somatic division and automatic or visceral division. A. The somatic system includes 31 pairs of spinal nerves in addition to the 12 pairs of cranial nerves that are located in the head area. These cranial nerves and spinal nerves are spread throughout the body. They are the ones who made it feasible for the brain to communicate with the rest of the body and vice versa.

The somatic system is in charge of voluntary skeletal movements like feeling as well as movements of the arms, legs, and the whole body. The following are the 31 groups of spinal nerves that come in pairs:

8 pairs of cervical (neck) vertebrae
The thoracic area has a total of 12 pairs.
Lumbar area – 5 pairs
Sacral region – 5 pairs
1 pair from the coccygeal area

The 12 pairs of cranial nerves, how they are placed throughout the skull, and their individual roles are as follows:

1.

Olfactory sensory nerves refer to the nerves in the nose.
2.
"Optic" refers to the eyes, and "sensory nerves"
3.
Oculo means "eyes" in Italian, while motor means "motor nerves."
4.
trochlear refers to the motor neurons in the eyes.
5.
The nerves that serve the eyes, jaw, cheek, and tongue make up the trigeminal system.
6.
eyes, motor nerves, and the abducent nerve
7.
mixed nerves of the face, including the face and the forehead
8.
gloss pharyngeal refers to both the tongue and the pharynx, which have mixed nerves.
9.
The nerves that serve the neck, torso, and belly make up the vagus.
10.
pharyngeal and laryngeal muscle, which are controlled by the motor nerve
11.
tongue motor nerves are located in the hypoglossal region.
12.
Vestibule, cochlear, ears, and sensory nerves make up the auditory system.

B. The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system are the two components that make up the autonomic or visceral (viscera or internal organ) nervous system. This part of the nervous system is in charge of all of the involuntary motions that occur inside the body to ensure that we continue to survive.

The activity of the internal organs located inside the thoracic and lumber regions is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. In addition, it stimulates and quickens the processes of life. It gets us ready for strong action, like the fight or flight response that we have when we are under stress. This stimulation causes an increase in both our pulse and our breathing, in addition to an abundance of perspiration. Additionally, it causes an increase in the amount of adrenaline that is secreted by the adrenal gland, which is an essential hormone in times of danger or emergency.
Emotıon Intellıgence20:00
The cranial and sacral areas are governed by the parasympathetic nervous system. It makes day-to-day tasks more laborious. After resolving a stressful and emergency situation, this system replenishes the body's stored energy, therefore calming down the body. These two systems are active the majority of the time, establishing homeostasis and equilibrium or balance between them. The function of the two systems in any particular organ is diametrically opposed to one another, yet they are interdependent.

The System of the Endocrine Glands

The relationship between the neurological system and the endocrine system is quite tight. Another biological mechanism at work in determining human behavior. The endocrine system, also known as ductless glands, plays a role in the processing that is necessary to keep the body's homeostasis in a state of biochemical balance.
The glands that do not have ducts may be found in a variety of locations throughout the body. Hormones are chemical molecules that are excitatory in nature and are secreted by glands. These hormones enter the circulation immediately.

The many endocrine glands in the body work together in a well-coordinated way to assist the body maintain its internal equilibrium, often known as homeostasis. If one of the glands is underperforming, another gland will secrete a hormone to mimic the action of the underperforming gland. It is possible that the operation of the whole endocrine system may be affected if even a single endocrine gland were to be damaged or removed.

The Glands of the Endocrine System

1.

The pituitary gland is sometimes referred to as the "master gland" due to the fact that it produces a variety of hormones that influence the functioning of almost all of the endocrine glands.
Posıtıve Evolutıon19:56
A hormonal imbalance or malfunction may have a number of impacts on the glands, including the following:

• An insufficient level of activity in the anterior lobe
i.
Dwarfism

• Excessive activity in the frontal region
i.
Giantism
ii.
Acromegaly is characterized by abnormal overgrowth of some sections of the bone, similar to how people with a hunch back seem to have their shoulders rounded forward.

• An insufficient level of activity in the posterior lobe
i.
The condition known as diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive amounts of urine being passed.

2.

The pineal gland, sometimes referred to as the gland of childhood, is positioned in the skull in close proximity to the pituitary gland. It exerts its influence on the reproductive organs. Melatonin, a hormone, is produced by this gland. This gland has a reaction to the 24-hour cycle of light and darkness, which controls the period of the day when sexual activity may take place.

• Underctivity
1.
causes the secondary sexual characteristics to show at an earlier age than normal.

3.

The butterfly-shaped organ that may be found at the base of the throat and at the front of the neck is called the thyroid gland. It produces thyroxine and idothyroxine, two hormones that have an effect on both growth and metabolism.

• Overactivity
i.
Boost your level of internal heat production.
• Underactivity
i.
Cretinism is a condition that is defined by a delay in both the physical and mental development that occurs throughout childhood.
ii.
Myxedema is a condition that manifests itself throughout maturity by a gradual increase in body weight, a thickness of the lips, a slowdown of motor movements, and a yellowing of the skin.

4.

Pea-shaped glands that are placed at the rear of the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands are part of the endocrine system. It is responsible for the secretion of parathormone, which is the hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood.

• Underactivity
i.
Tetany, sometimes known as "lock jaw," is a condition that is characterized by a spasm of the muscles in the lower jaw, which may lead to convulsions or stiffness in the muscles.
• Overactivity
i.
Muscular weakness and a reduction in the activity of nerve cells are hallmarks of the condition known as lethargy.
ii.
5.
The thymus gland, often known as the gland of childhood, is responsible for an individual's continued immaturity. It may be found directly above the thoracic cavity. It is capable of producing the hormone known as thymosin. During childhood, this gland prevents a person from becoming sexually active. In addition to this, it assists the body in developing a stronger immune system.

6.

Each kidney has an adrenal gland, which may be found at the very end of the kidney. It is composed of two parts: the adrenal cortex, which is responsible for the production of cortin and adrenal androgens, and the adrenal medulla, which is responsible for the production of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Cortin, a hormone, is responsible for the emergence of some adult sexual features, while adrenaline, often known as the "emergency hormone," provides us with more power when we are confronted with threatening situations. When a person gets harmed, the hormone noradrenaline is released, which causes the blood vessels to constrict. This prevents the individual from losing an excessive amount of blood.

• Underactivity
i.
A bronze-like darkening of the skin and a broad breakdown in physiological function are two hallmarks of Parkinson's disease.
ii.
The adrenal cortex may become inactive if puberty is delayed, which might have negative health consequences.
• Excessive activity of the adrenal cortices in the body
i.
Cushing's illness in women is characterized by a round or moon-shaped face, an end to menstruation, the growth of facial hair, and a change in voice ( in either sex)
ii.
Virilism, often known as heightened feminine versions of traditionally masculine traits, is one of the hallmarks of the female form of adrenogenital syndrome.

7.

Islets of langerhans

These are comparatively tiny structures that are formed by clusters of specialized cells that are dispersed throughout the pancreas. It is also responsible for insulin and glucagon secretion. Insulin is responsible for regulating the amount of sugar that is found in the blood, whereas glucagon is the hormone that encourages the cells in our bodies to make use of sugar.
Both Perception and Sensation are Present
Human Needs19:19
A SENSATION is a sensory message, and it is the process through which the brain receives and processes information about its surroundings.

The interpretation of a sensory information by the brain is what we refer to as perception.

The process of transferring kinetic energy into neuronal energy is referred to as transduction.

Sensation's Point of Origin and Exit

The physical energy is received by the receptor, which is followed by the receptor cell, which in turn is followed by a neural signal, and finally by the brain.

Perception Below the Surface

stimulation that occurs below the level of conscious consciousness.

There is not a single shred of evidence to back up the theory of subliminal perception.

Reverse Masking

There is no evidence to suggest that reverse masking creates any kind of stimulation, including subliminal stimulation.
Vision

The Internal Organization of the Eye

This is the Cornea.
Iris, the flower
— The Student
- The Focus of the Lens
- The Macula Retina
- The Region of the Fovea
- The Nerves of the Eye
Demonstratıon of a Rose19:14
Prıncıple of Condıtıonıng15:18
The theory of opposing processes
The cones are arranged in alternating pairs. When you turn on one, it has the effect of turning off the other.
White/Black
Blue/Orange
Green/Red

The Spectrum That We Can See

We are able to see around one millionth of one millionth of a meter of the whole electromagnetic spectrum.
The electromagnetic spectrum contains both long and short waves that are invisible to the human eye.

Having a Realistic Perspective
Apparent Motion
The effect of autokinetic motion

An apparent movement of a single light seen only when the room is completely dark.

The Phenomenon of the Letter phi
A procession of flashing lights in succession.

The Effect of Stroboscopic Light
The effect that a strobe light has of flickering "jerkily" in complete darkness when motion is detected.

Perceptual Organizational Principles

Figure – Ground
- The most fundamental kind of organizing principle
Closure
- The disposition to recognize an item or shape even while the form is incomplete.

Understanding Both Depth and Distance
Similarity
Identical things are seen as being in close proximity to one another.

Proximity
- Our brains interpret stimuli that are near together as belonging together.

Interposition
- The line of sight between the eye and the object is blocked by something.

Texture Gradient
Objects with textures that are farther away seem to have a smooth surface.

Understanding Both Depth and Distance
Comparative Dimensions
When an item's picture on the retina is reduced in size, the perceived distance between the viewer and the object increases.

Height in comparison
The higher an object is located in the visual field, the more distant it seems to be.

The Chiasm of the Optic Ray
The crossing point between the left and right sides of the optic nerve is located in the temporal region of the brain.
This is where the formation of stereo vision takes place.

Stereoscopic Vision
Taking a Three-Dimensional Perspective on the World

- Binocular cues:
Disparity of the Retina
The disparity that may be seen between the two eyes
Convergence
The eyes concentrating on things up close.
Stereoscopic Vision
Having a natural perception of depth
Fundatementals of Psychology19:13
Perceptual Constancies

Regularity of Measurement
Regardless of the distance between two points, the size of an object will not change.

Maintaining One's Form
Even though the picture that is formed on the retina displays a different shape, the shape of the object itself does not change.

The Persistence of Color
impacted by the lighting conditions (artificial, colored, or natural).

Hearing

The Internal Components of the Ear

It is the Pinna.
The EAC stands for the External Auditory Canal.
The Eustachian Tube
The Wrench, the Anvil, and the Stirrup
The Oval Opening or Window
Specifically, the Cochlea
These are the Hair Cells.
The Cells of the Nerves
The nerve of hearing and balance

Internally of the Ear

The Middle and Inner Parts of the Ear
It is the Eardrum.
The Wrench, the Anvil, and the Stirrup
The Oval Opening or Window
Specifically, the Cochlea
The Canals of the Half-Circle

Specifically, the Cochlea
Apparent Motion
Hearing is processed by the cochlea, an organ in the ear.
The hair cells may be found in the cochlea, which is located in the ear.
The auditory nerve is formed by the axons of the neurons that are attached to the hair cells, which in turn are connected to the neurons.
Postıve and Negatıve Emotıons15:15
Theories of the Auditory System

The concept of Hearing in Relation to Place

The basilar membrane responds in a variety of locations and frequencies depending on the frequency being applied. Lower tones mostly move the hair cells closer to the outer tip of the cochlea, whereas higher tones primarily move the hair cells closer to the base of the cochlea (near the oval window).

The theory of hearing based on frequencies

The basilar membrane as a whole responds to sound by vibrating as a unit rather than individually, functioning much like a microphone. Impulses are emitted by the nerve receptors, and these impulses have a direct correlation to the frequency of the sounds that are being heard.

Deafness

Deafness caused by Conduction
When the eardrums or ossicles become damaged or immobile as a result of illness or injury, the amount of sound that is transmitted to the inner ear is reduced.

Nerve Deafness
Whenever there is a problem with the hair cells or the auditory nerve.

Hearing Loss Caused by Stimulation
Caused by the hair cells in the cochlea being damaged by an excessively loud environment.
Sense of Smell

Olfaction
A chemical sense

The Path To Take
The Olfactory Bulb, the Neurons, the Nerve Endings, and the Limbic System

The Concept of the Lock and Key

5 Odors Identified
Aromas of flowers, camphor, musk, mint, and ether are all present.
Focus on the Posıtıve Emotıons16:48

Taste
Gustation
A Sensitivity to Chemicals

The Path To Take
The papillae on the tongue connect to the taste buds in the brain through the tongue.

5 Flavors Have Been Identified
Umami, sweet, sour, salty, and bitter flavors.

Elegance and Composure

The Sense of Touch and Feel
- It maintains our awareness of the movement of various bodily parts as well as their location in relation to one another.
- Muscle Movement, Posture, & Joints
The information is obtained through the stretch receptors in the tendons, as well as the organs found within.

Balance & Equilibrium
Vestibular Senses
The vestibular system provides us with information about our balance as well as the location of our bodies in space.
The bending of hair cells in the inner ear, which occurs in response to the position and movement of the head, provides the brain with information that is used to assist in the maintenance of balance and the detection of changes in the way we move through space.

Taste
Gustation
A Sensitivity to Chemicals

The Path To Take
The papillae on the tongue connect to the taste buds in the brain through the tongue.

5 Flavors Have Been Identified
Umami, sweet, sour, salty, and bitter flavors.

The Senses of Touch and Touches
Touch
There are receptors in our skin that are responsible for making us aware of how and where we are being touched.

Pressure
There are receptors just below the surface of the skin that enable us to feel more profound touch.

Temperature
The sensations of hot, cold, and warm are all provided by receptors that are located just under the surface of the skin.
Posıtıve Enforcement18:06
Pain
Pain is an adaptive experience that alerts us when something is not right.
Not only are there pain receptors in the skin, but also in other regions of the body, such as the muscles, joints, and ligaments, as well as the teeth and the internal organs.

2 Categories of Suffering
A dull, gradual, constant ache
Long axons
A severe and sudden ache
Axons that aren't too long

The Pain Theory Based on the Control of Gates
Within the spinal cord lies a structure known as a "neurological gate," which is responsible for regulating the flow of pain signals to the brain.
Thinner and slower nerve fibers, which also transport impulses for touch and temperature, are the ones responsible for conducting dull, throbbing pain through the gate.
When nerve fibers grow faster and thicker, they might generate a bottleneck at the gate, which prevents further signals from being sent.

What is it that causes pain?
The theory of the biosocial.
The severity and duration of pain are both affected by the interplay of several variables, including those that are biological, psychological, and cultural.

The influence of the placebo
Any process or thing, whether direct or indirect, that has the potential to alleviate suffering caused by a sickness or discomfort.
It seems that the production of endorphins is responsible for the sensation of pain.

Definition of the Term "Intelligence"

Lewis Terman
The capacity to "think abstractly" was used as a simple definition of intelligence.

David Weschler
"the capacity to behave purposefully, to think logically, and to cope successfully with the environment," was the definition that was given in a practical context.

Jean Piaget
The capacity to adjust one's behavior in response to one's environment is one definition of intelligence.

Theories of various forms of intelligence

Initial Method of Attack
-put an emphasis, sometimes known as the psychometric approach, on the individual variations that may be found in intelligence.

The Alternative Method
-rather of searching for the specific components that determine intelligence, this approach focuses on determining the methods through which a person utilizes knowledge to solve issues.

1. The two-factor model proposed by Spearman
In the year 1904, Charles Spearman proposed the "G" factor, also known as general intelligence, which was thought to be an inherited intellectual capacity that influences overall performance. He also proposed the "S" factor, also known as specific abilities, which was thought to account for differences in scores on various tasks, such as verbal and number abilities. Both of these factors are referred to as "factors." This division was justified by Charles Spearman by highlighting a common phenomenon that individuals who score high in one type of test the majority of the time may perform equally well in other tests; however, their scores may differ somewhat on various abilities. Spearman did this by focusing on the fact that individuals who score high in one type of test may perform equally well in other tests.
AKA Learnıng25:56
2. The most important of Thurstone's mental powers

L.L. In 1938, Thurstone included factor analysis into the process of determining children's IQ test results. He discovered seven elements that were largely separate from one another:

a. Wordplay Abundance
b. Verbal Comprehension
c. Reasoning
d. Memory
e. Perceptual Speed
f. Space
g. Number

3. J.P. Analysis using the Guilford Factor
Between the years of 1959 and 1982, Guilford took factor analysis several steps further to develop a model of intelligence that is three-dimensional and cube-shaped. This model is made up of around 120 distinct components and does not include an overall general intelligence factor. Guilford has recently increased the number of elements in his model to 150. According to Guilford, these distinct components are the outcomes of the interplay between operations, which refer to the manner in which one thinks, contents, which refer to the things that one thinks about, and products (results of the application of an operation to a certain content, or our kind of thinking towards a certain subject).

4. The ideas of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence developed by Cattel and Horn

Fluid Intelligence
- is used when figuring out the interconnections between two different notions, to abstract and reason out what the connections are between them. This kind of intelligence is not influenced by factors such as culture or education, since it is based on the development of the neuronal pathways in the brain.

Intelligence Simplified into Crystals
-refers to one's capacity to solve issues and make decisions based on an acquired corpus of general knowledge. Culture and education are necessary for this kind of intelligence to develop since broad knowledge has to be learned.

5. method of information processing used by Stenberg
This particular theory of intelligence was developed by Robert Sternberg in the year 1979. Instead than asking a person how effectively they are able to solve a variety of issues, he suggests asking how they approach their own challenges and seeing problem solving as a component of intelligence. According to this notion, there is a predetermined order of actions that must be carried out at regular intervals. Between the time that the information is received and the moment that it is employed to address the issue, the information is processed.

The following are the stages:
A. Encoding
B. Inferring
C. Mapping
Application, Section D
E. Rationale or Explanation
F. Response

6. The notion of many intelligences developed by Howard Gardner
His idea was based on a series of criteria or "signs" of intelligence that are backed by evidence of: Howard Gardner (1989) defined intelligence as "the ability to solve the issues or to create products that are valued in one or more cultural settings."
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You need only internet connection for this course.
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These savings can reduce online tuition. Study faster without lessons. Campus transportation is costly.
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Description

Instead of only focussing on ephemeral pleasures as its major objective, the field of positive psychology places an emphasis on the importance of having a meaningful purpose in one's life and experiencing true satisfaction. Martin Seligman, who is often referred regarded as the "father" of positive psychology, has expressed a variety of perspectives on what it means to have a happy life in the work that he has done. These include the "Pleasant Life," which is centered on the idea that happiness can be achieved by focusing on one's own personal strengths and engagement, the "Good Life," and the "Meaningful Life," both of which are centered on the concept that happiness can be achieved by focusing on one's own personal strengths and engagement. The premise of the show "The Pleasant Life" is that one may find pleasure in life by concentrating on their own particular qualities and activities that bring them satisfaction. Researchers in the area of positive psychology have investigated a wide variety of actions and events that have been connected to a variety of various types of flourishing existences. It is possible to acquire a sensation of significance or purpose, in addition to one of a kind positive emotions, as a result of these experiences and acts.

Those who are in favor of the study of positive psychology have also participated in attempts to compile a list of the many admirable traits and characteristics that people should possess. The author of the book that was written in 2004 and published under the title Character Strengths and Virtues advised readers to concentrate on strengthening their virtues in the following areas: wisdom and knowledge, bravery, humanity, justice, moderation, and transcendence (including strengths such as gratitude, hope, and humor).

What distinguishes the field of positive psychology from the various subfields that fall under the umbrella of psychology as a discipline?

Positive psychology is often distinguished from other subfields of psychology due to the fact that its primary emphasis is placed on identifying and cultivating an individual's mental strengths, as opposed to the treatment of an individual's mental weaknesses and challenges. This distinction is often made because positive psychology's primary focus is on identifying and cultivating mental strengths, rather than treating mental weaknesses and challenges. This continues to be the case in spite of the fact that there is a considerable degree of overlap between the two.

Positive psychologists believe that one of the most important first steps in living the kind of life they want to live, which is one that is good and meaningful, is becoming aware of one's own character traits, such as bravery, humanity, and justice. Positive psychologists believe that this is one of the most important first steps because it allows a person to take responsibility for their own actions. Positive psychologists believe that this is one of the first actions that must be taken and one of the most significant. Additional positive psychology tasks that may be done at home may be helpful in enhancing a person's overall sense of well-being. These activities can be completed by the individual in their own time. For example, psychologists have undertaken research on the efficacy of practicing gratitude as a method of enhancing one's feeling of pleasure over the course of time. This research has shown that gratitude may be quite effective. It is just what it sounds like, and it consists of doing something as easy as writing down three things that one feels thankful for on a daily basis. This is the practice of daily gratitude journaling. This is just what it seems like it would be.

Who this course is for:

This course is suitable for anyone interested in psychology.
Online assignments and readings are available.
Students can study online, but we recommend that you attend classes whenever possible.
Attending online classes improves time management. The course encourages time management. Instant exam, test or homework results are helpful in evaluating online courses.
The course encourages time management. Instant exam, test or homework results are helpful in evaluating online courses. Homework can take weeks in regular schools. Faster feedback helps students adapt. Opportunities such as Repeated Course Materials are not available in regular formal education. You will find more in this course.
Unlike lectures in regular schools, videos can be repeated. Review the video tutorials. Lesson videos help you improve without having to do homework in regular school, your performance at work, or practice your personal development beforehand.

Positive Psychology University Approved Certificate Course

What you'll learn

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Course content

Introduction11 lectures • 3hr 21min

Recommended Textbooks1 lecture • 1min

Chapter - 213 lectures • 3hr 58min

Additive Knowledge Vıdeos12 lectures • 37min

Ebooks1 lecture • 1min

A Book You Can Only Find on This Platform1 lecture • 1min

Bonus Lesson3 lectures • 1min

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Description

Who this course is for: