Python Programming Bible | Networking, GUI, Email, XML, CGI

In computer programming, a comment is a programmer-readable explanation or annotation in the source code of a computer program. They are added with the purpose of making the source code easier for humans to understand, and are generally ignored by compilers and interpreters.

Learn about Lists and how to group common data together.

Learn about Tuples and how to group common data together and how they differ to Lists.

Learn about Dictionaries and how they can be used in a similar manner to Arrays.

Learn how to convert data/variables to different data types.

An arithmetic operator is a mathematical function that takes two operands and performs a calculation on them. They are used in common arithmetic and most computer languages contain a set of such operators that can be used within equations to perform a number of types of sequential calculation.

The equality operator converts the operands if they are not of the same type, then applies strict comparison. If both operands are objects, then JavaScript compares internal references which are equal when operands refer to the same object in memory.

The basic assignment operator is equal ( = ), whichassigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x . The other assignment operators are usually shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following definitions and examples.

Bitwise operators are used to change individual bits in an operand. A single byte of computer memory-when viewed as 8 bits-can signify the true/false status of 8 flags because each bit can be used as a boolean variable that can hold one of two values: true or false.

Logical operators are typically used with Boolean (logical) values. When they are, they return a Boolean value. However, the && and || operators actually return the value of one of the specified operands, so if these operators are used with non-Boolean values, they may return a non-Boolean value.

As the name explains the membership operators are used to validate the membership of a value. These operators are used to find out whether a value is a member of a sequence such as string or list membership operators are of two types: (1) in and (2) not in.

The identity operators in Python are used to determine whether a value is of a certain class or type. They are usually used to determine the type of data a certain variable contains. For example, you can combine the identity operators with the built-in type() function to ensure that you are working with the specific variable type

Operator precedence determines the way in which operators are parsed with respect to each other. Operators with higher precedence become the operands of operators with lower precedence.

Decision making is anticipation of conditions occurring while execution of the program and specifying actions taken according to the conditions.

In computer programming, a loop is a sequence of instruction s that is continually repeated until a certain condition is reached. Typically, a certain process is done, such as getting an item of data and changing it, and then some condition is checked such as whether a counter has reached a prescribed number.

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed.

Number data types store numeric values. They are immutable data types, means that changing the value of a number data type results in a newly allocated object.

Overview A string is a list of characters in order. A character is anything you can type on the keyboard in one keystroke, like a letter, a number, or a backslash.

A list (also called an array in other programming languages) is a tool that can be used to store multiple pieces of information at once. It can also be defined as a variable containing multiple other variables.

Python - Tuples. A tuple is a sequence of immutablePython objects. Tuples are sequences, just like lists. The differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed unlike lists and tuples use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets.

Learn about Dictionaries and how they can be used in a similar manner to Arrays in more depth.

A Python program can handle date and time in several ways. Converting between date formats is a common chore for computers. Python's time and calendar modules help track dates and times

In programming, a named section of a program that performs a specific task. In this sense, a function is a type of procedure or routine. Some programming languages make a distinction between a function, which returns a value, and a procedure, which performs some operation but does not return a value.

A module is a Python object with arbitrarily named attributes that you can bind and reference. Simply, a module is a file consisting of Python code. A module can define functions, classes and variables. A module can also include runnable code.

For instance, a keyboard or computer mouse is an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are output devices. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically perform both input and output operations.

Exception handling. Exception handling is the process of responding to the occurrence, during computation, of exceptions – anomalous or exceptional conditions requiring special processing – often changing the normal flow of program execution.

In object-oriented programming, a class is an extensible program-code-template for creating objects, providing initial values for state (member variables) and implementations of behavior (member functions or methods).

In the class-based object-oriented programming paradigm, "object" refers to a particular instance of a class where the object can be a combination of variables, functions, and data structures

Let's discuss how attributes can actually be accessed from a class and it's instance objects.

A constructor is a special kind of method that Python calls when it instantiates an object using the definitions found in your class. Python relies on the constructor to perform tasks such as initialising (assigning values to) any instance variables that the object will need when it starts.

A destructor is a special member function that is called when the lifetime of an object ends. The purpose of the destructor is to free the resources that the object may have acquired during its lifetime.4 Apr 2018

In object-oriented programming, inheritance is when an object or class is based on another object (prototypal inheritance) or class (class-based inheritance), using the same implementation. Inheritance in most class-based object-oriented languages is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of the parent object. Inheritance allows programmers to create classes that are built upon existing classes,[1] to specify a new implementation to maintain the same behaviour (realising an interface), to reuse code and to independently extend original software via public classes and interfaces. The relationships of objects or classes through inheritance give rise to a directed graph.

Method overriding, in object-oriented programming, is a language feature that allows a subclass or child class to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by one of its superclasses or parent classes.

Ffunction overloading or method overloading is the ability to create multiple methods of the same name with different implementations.

Operator overloading (less commonly known as ad-hoc polymorphism) is a specific case of polymorphism (part of the OO nature of the language) in which some or all operators like +, = or == are treated as polymorphic functions and as such have different behaviours depending on the types of its arguments.

Data hiding is a software development technique specifically used in object-oriented programming (OOP) to hide internal object details (data members). Data hiding ensures exclusive data access to class members and protects object integrity by preventing unintended or intended changes.

Learn about how the match function can be used to check if a string starts with another string.

Learn about how the search function can be used to check if a string contains another string.

Time to advance our knowledge with super duper advanced expressions to up or RegEx game.

Learn how you can easily search and replace content within a string using regular expressions.

Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a standard protocol that defines how web server software can delegate the generation of webpages to a console application.

The GET method means retrieve whatever information (in the form of an entity) is identified by the Request-URI. If the Request-URI refers to a data-producing process, it is the produced data which shall be returned as the entity in the response and not the source text of the process, unless that text happens to be the output of the process.

The POST method is used to request that the origin server accept the entity enclosed in the request as a new subordinate of the resource identified by the Request-URI in the Request-Line.

An HTTP cookie (also called web cookie, Internet cookie, browser cookie, or simply cookie) is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer by the user's web browser while the user is browsing.

Learn how to setup a MySQL database for Python applications.

Learn how to connect to a database.

Learn how to create a table for use in a database.

Learn how to insert data into a table.

The Read Database operator is used for loading data from a database.

The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing records in a table.

The DELETE statement is used to delete a row or rows from an existing database.

Learn how to create a server file.

Learn how to create a client file to interact with a server file.

Learn how to initiate a new thread in your Python application.

Learn how to create a thread using a more dynamic class system.

Learn about synchronising threads in your application.

Learn about priority queues and multithreading.

Learn how to use and parse XML file in Python

Tkinter is a Python binding to the Tk GUI toolkit. It is the standard Python interface to the Tk GUI toolkit, and is Python's de facto standard GUI. Tkinter is included with the standard Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X install of Python.

The Button widget is a standard Tkinter widget used to implement various kinds of buttons. Buttons can contain text or images, and you can associate a Python function or method with each button. When the button is pressed, Tkinter automatically calls that function or method.

The Canvas widget provides structured graphics facilities for Tkinter. This is a highly versatile widget which can be used to draw graphs and plots, create graphics editors, and implement various kinds of custom widgets.

The Checkbutton widget is a standard Tkinter widgets used to implement on-off selections. Checkbuttons can contain text or images, and you can associate a Python function or method with each button. When the button is pressed, Tkinter calls that function or method.

The Entry widget is a standard Tkinter widget used to enter or display a single line of text.

A frame is rectangular region on the screen. The frame widget is mainly used as a geometry master for other widgets, or to provide padding between other widgets.

The Label widget is a standard Tkinter widget used to display a text or image on the screen. The label can only display text in a single font, but the text may span more than one line. In addition, one of the characters can be underlined, for example to mark a keyboard shortcut.

The Listbox widget is a standard Tkinter widget used to display a list of alternatives. The listbox can only contain text items, and all items must have the same font and color. Depending on the widget configuration, the user can choose one or more alternatives from the list.

The Menubutton widget displays popup or pulldown menu when activated.

The Menu widget is used to implement toplevel, pulldown, and popup menus.

The Message widget is a variant of the Label, designed to display multiline messages. The message widget can wrap text, and adjust its width to maintain a given aspect ratio.

The Radiobutton is a standard Tkinter widget used to implement one-of-many selections. Radiobuttons can contain text or images, and you can associate a Python function or method with each button. When the button is pressed, Tkinter automatically calls that function or method.

The Scale widget allows the user to select a numerical value by moving a “slider” knob along a scale. You can control the minimum and maximum values, as well as the resolution.

This widget is used to implement scrolled listboxes, canvases, and text fields.

The Text widget provides formatted text display. It allows you to display and edit text with various styles and attributes. The widget also supports embedded images and windows.

The Toplevel widget work pretty much like Frame, but it is displayed in a separate, top-level window. Such windows usually have title bars, borders, and other “window decorations”.

The Spinbox widget is a variant of the standard Tkinter Entry widget, which can be used to select from a fixed number of values.

The PanedWindow widget is a geometry manager widget, which can contain one or more child widgets (“panes”). The child widgets can be resized by the user, by moving separator lines (“sashes”) using the mouse.

The Tkinter tkMessageBox has various methods to display a message box.

The LabelFrame widget is a variant of the Tkinter Frame widget. By default, it draws a border around its child widgets, and it can also display a title.

https://www.python.org/

https://www.w3schools.com/python/

https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-python

https://github.com/python

https://github.com/python/cpython

https://www.datacamp.com/tracks/python-programming

https://www.programiz.com/python-programming

https://pythonprogramming.net/beginner-python-programming-tutorials/

https://docs.python-guide.org/

https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/

https://devguide.python.org/

https://github.com/realpython/python-guide

https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python#readme