
Explore the history of money, define what money is, and examine whether Bitcoin could be the next form of money.
Compare barter as a direct exchange, highlight the double coincidence of wants, and outline barter’s drawbacks—lack of common value, divisibility, and store of value—and how money solves them.
Explore solubility, also called navigability, as money's ability to move value across time, space, and scale, using gold as a long-lasting, highly scalable example.
Money emerges naturally by first serving as a store of value, then a medium of exchange, and finally a unit of account, driven by durable, verifiable, portable, and work-to-produce properties.
Define money as a claim on a portion of the economy's available productive capacity, showing how work earns money and grants access to goods and services.
Learn the quantity theory of money, where money supply times velocity equals price level times transactions. Inflation arises when money supply grows faster than production, i.e., debasement.
Explore how increased production of money leads to debasement, illustrated by stock-to-flow concepts and gold examples, and why higher productivity makes this the least harmful form of debasement.
Technology can debase money by mass producing forms, breaking stock to flow ratio, as cowrie shells, beads, and salt were demonetized while gold became the preferred money.
Examine how the state debases currency, not money, by minting coins, altering weight and purity, to fund spending through inflation.
Explore why sound money preserves purchasing power and why hard money resists debasement. Compare government paper currency as unsound money to gold as historically sound money.
Explain how gold's salability improved through layer two innovations, coins and IOUs, reducing transmission costs and enabling scalable, time- and space-efficient money transfers via goldsmiths.
Learn how gold-backed IOUs improve money by enabling transferability without increasing the money supply, using a 100% gold reserve to preserve a 10% claim on productive capacity.
Explore how proto banks facilitated lending between individuals, with goldsmiths as mediators, earning fees while lenders bear risk and the money supply remains unchanged.
Examine executive order 6102 during the Great Depression, forcing gold surrender to the Federal Reserve and the Gold Reserve Act that devalued the dollar, underscoring private property and natural rights.
Bretton Woods established a fixed exchange rate system with dollars backed by gold and reserves, creating the IMF and World Bank to support global cooperation, reconstruction, and development loans.
Discover how bonds represent borrowing and lending, with face value, interest, and repayment. Learn that the US government borrows money, while the Federal Reserve creates money under fiat standards.
The state borrows by issuing treasuries—bills, notes, and bonds—to fund deficits. The Federal Reserve creates money and buys these treasuries from banks, balancing its balance sheet.
Explore the credit theory of money, viewing money as credit issued by governments, recorded on ledgers, and backed by work, not by commodities alone.
Explore in the complete bitcoin investment course how the fiat regime and this form of money affect individuals and society, and why the overall impact matters more than money theory.
Discover how fiat money enables central planning and malinvestments, and why market-led resource allocation often outperforms state-led decisions in driving growth.
Analyze how fiat money imposes resource costs through central banks, inflation management, and financial intermediaries, and why preserving buying power—like gold—requires investment.
Explores how fiat money depreciates and becomes perishable, driving a short-term based society with a high time preference, and shaping self-worth and the value of work.
Examine how centralized money and state power threaten freedom and sovereignty, eroding private property and the social contract, as emergency measures reveal money as a tool of control.
Explore what bitcoin is and the money problems it solves, from fiat inflation to a decentralized network. See how Satoshi Nakamoto's Bitcoin challenges state control amid the 2008 financial crisis.
Identify the properties of ideal money and how Bitcoin maximizes them, while noting how Satoshi addresses limitations seen in gold.
Satoshi's monetary purity designs bitcoin to have no utility beyond money, creating value driven solely by supply and demand, with extreme divisibility, portability, and durability.
Explain verifiability as a property of money that provides cheap, instant verification of authenticity, avoiding gold's faking risks and offering a 100% real-money guarantee.
Explore the shift from centralized ledgers controlled by banks to a decentralized, digital network where every participant holds a full ledger and broadcasts transactions, enabling partially permissionless, peer-to-peer money.
In this section, we will explore how secure is a 12 (128 bits) and 24 (256 bits) words seed by showing how many possibilities each seed size generates.
Trace the transaction chain from inputs and outputs to ownership, signatures, and spent outputs, and learn that bitcoins are a unit of measurement tied to private keys, not physical coins.
Fund your exchange account to buy bitcoin and transfer it to your self-custody Blue Wallet. Understand private keys, seeds, and counterparty risk when moving funds from exchange to your wallet.
Learn how private keys, public keys, and signatures prevent double spending in Bitcoin's decentralized network, and how the blockchain resolves conflicting transactions.
Explore how blocks link by hash, with each block containing the previous block's imprint. Mining with the nonce and sha256 creates an immutable, verifiable ledger.
Explore how the difficulty adjustment algorithm maintains a ten-minute block time and steady bitcoin issuance, while the halving and 21 million cap govern rewards and supply.
Explore the balance of power among Bitcoin’s nodes, miners, and developers, and how blocks are proposed and accepted or rejected through proof of work in a decentralized, adversarial system.
Bitcoin's hardness comes from needing to convince everyone across diverse communities to adopt changes, making updates slow, controversial, and driven by activation blocks and forks.
We currently live in an era of economic paradoxes that have left an indelible impact on our daily lives.
Interest rates have soared more than tenfold within 18 months, yet the stock market continues its relentless ascent, while inflation refuses to abate. The younger generations find themselves in a particularly precarious situation today. Despite both adults in a home often holding highly qualified jobs, the dream of a comfortable life with a house and children seems increasingly elusive to an ever larger number. This reveals a widening wealth gap in today’s economy despite the advent of technology that has exponentially increased productivity.
Behind these contradictory observations lies a new monetary context. Between 2021 and 2024, the US deficit ballooned from $27 trillion to $34.4 trillion, marking an almost 25% increase in less than four years. This unprecedented surge in the deficit clearly reveals an acceleration of a tendency that had slowly started in the seventies and that has significantly accelerated after 2009.
At the heart of all of this lies a fundamental tool and technology we all use and interact with every day: money. Our money, the currency we use every day, was also transformed in 1971, a date that marks the beginning of an increasing deficit trend. Interestingly, amidst the turmoil of the 2008 financial crisis, which was the largest of its kind, a mysterious and anonymous individual introduced a new type of money to the world, Bitcoin. A money that was designed and introduced as a way to address the weaknesses and limitations of the new type of money we started using in 1971, FIAT, and the unusual economic paradigm we find ourselves in today. As we navigate these uncertain times, it will be fascinating to see the role Bitcoin, the original and dominant cryptocurrency, will play in shaping our economic future, but in order to understand our current economic context, it is necessary to understand the relationship between money, inflation, the deficit, and Bitcoin.
This course is divided into two parts, examining the history and evolution of money from ancient times to the modern day. The first part will delve into what constitutes money, its failures throughout history, sound principles for a stable currency system, and how paper-based fiat currencies emerged as a replacement for gold-backed standards.
In the second half, we'll turn our attention to exploring a solution, Bitcoin, to the current problems plaguing fiat systems, including inflation, debt, housing bubbles, stock market volatility, and more. This is the First Cryptocurrency, and that relied on - among other technologies - blockchain that was created and is also the largest Crypto by Market Cap. We will explore Bitcoin's design principles, governance model in its decentralized network, and how it can function as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. Additionally, we'll examine the unique relationship between Bitcoin and energy grids, assess its potential as an investment opportunity, discuss security concerns related to hacking and regulation, and address common criticisms (FUD) surrounding Bitcoin's adoption.