Under the Hood: Discover the Core Mechanics of Modern Cars

Explore the engine block, the largest part made of cast iron or aluminum that houses cylinders and pistons, channels coolant and oil, and serves as a mounting hub for components.

Explore how a car's internal combustion engine uses pistons, a crankshaft, and a four-stroke cycle—intake, compression, combustion and power, exhaust—to convert up-and-down motion into rotary motion that drives the wheels.

The camshaft uses cams to press valve lifters, opening intake and exhaust valves on time, while the crankshaft turns linear motion into rotation—together boosting engine airflow and power.

Examine how the lubrication system keeps the engine running smoothly by circulating oil from the sump through the pump, pickup tube, and passages, through the oil filter and cooling it.

Learn how liquid and air cooling systems regulate engine heat, with antifreeze flowing from the engine to the radiator, powered by a water pump and managed by a thermostat.

The flywheel adds weight to the crankshaft, keeping it moving between strokes. It drives the starter and connects the engine to the transmission via the clutch to drive the wheels.

Explore how the timing system synchronizes pistons and valves for the four-stroke cycle using belts, chains, or gears to connect the crankshaft to the camshaft.

Explore how the starter motor turns the pinion and flywheel to crank a car engine. The starter draws current from the battery when you turn the ignition key.

Explore how the car electrical system relies on the battery, positive and negative cables, a starter and flywheel, and how the alternator recharges the battery while powering lights and radio.

Explore fuses and relays in the car electrical system, including engine compartment and cabin fuse boxes that protect components; learn how fuses limit current and how relays automate power.

Understand how the air intake system brings outside air to the four-stroke engine. Explore the air filter, mass flow sensor, and throttle body and how cold air intake boosts power.

Learn how the exhaust system collects fumes from engine cylinders, uses oxidation in the catalytic converter to reduce toxic gases, and directs gases away via the muffler, resonator, and tailpipe.

Explore how manual and automatic transmissions control gear changes and clutch operation, with transmission fluid providing pressure, cooling, and lubrication to optimize engine efficiency and fuel economy.

Compare gas, hybrid, and electric vehicles, detailing spark-ignited engines, diesel or natural gas options, battery-powered hybrids, high-voltage electric vehicles, and no tailpipe pollution.