
Explore three Christian views on hell—eternal conscious torment, annihilationism, and universal restoration—through a biblical, philosophical methodology, noting early church presence and a forthcoming discussion of eternal conscious torment.
Examine the doctrine of eternal conscious torment, its punitive purpose and biblical passages, compare it with eternal separation, and critique tradition versus scripture in shaping this view.
Defend eternal conscious torment by addressing objections from annihilationist and universalist camps. Explore how holiness, justice, grace, and atonement drive responses in scripture from Old and New Testaments.
Explore conditionalism and annihilationism, arguing that hell aims to destroy rather than torment eternal beings. The Bible presents immortality as a gift from God and life restored through Christ.
Explore responses to common counter-arguments to conditionalism, including debates over eternal punishment and mortality. Compare traditionalist views, the image of God, and early church perspectives on hell.
Present apocatastasis, a universal restoration where hell reforms rather than torments. Argue from biblical passages and God's love, asserting all will be reconciled.
Explore counter-arguments to universal reconciliation and the response: salvation through grace, purification rather than punishment, and biblical terms like aionios shaping hopeful universalism.
Explore Hebrew and Greek terms like Sheol, Hades, Gehenna, Tartarus, and the lake of fire, and how they relate to death, the intermediate state, and final judgment.
Examine whether the rich man and Lazarus is a parable, and discuss its focus on the intermediate state and warnings from Moses and the prophets.
Explore the three views on hell—eternal conscious torment, conditionalism, and universal restoration—and how they interpret scripture, mercy, and judgment within biblical narrative.
Where do we go when we die? Do we all go to the same place? Are bad people eventually punished for their transgressions? What might this punishment look like? Different religions answer these questions in different ways, but there is even diversity within religions.
In this class, I will introduce the three major Christian views about hell (Eternal Conscious Torment, Conditional Immortality / Annihilationism, and Universal Restoration / Apocatastisis) by highlighting the biblical support and theological arguments for each position. I will also detail how proponents of each view challenge the others and how these challenges are answered. Special attention will be given to the Hebrew and Greek terms that are most relevant to the debate about hell among Christian theologians.
While believing Christians may find this class to be most relevant to their personal study, anyone with an interest in religion as an area of study will benefit from the depth, critical thinking, and thoughtful discussion of these distinct approaches to synthesizing the biblical texts. Each perspective is built up to emphasize its strengths and its proponents' approaches to defending their view so that the student can give full consideration to what each approach brings to and extracts from the biblical canon.