Thermodynamics-I: A Beginners' Guide

A brief outline of thermodynamics and its applications.

Basic Concepts of thermodynamics - System, Boundary, Surroundings and Universe - Types of System - Closed, Open, Isolated, and Adiabatic.

Thermodynamics approaches, properties, state, process, and cycle.

Laws of Gas and Ideal Gas Equation

Lecture on Dimensions and Units

Zeroth law of thermodynamics and temperature scales

Energy and its classification, Work in terms of Mechanics and Thermodynamics, and sign convention

Workdone during various processes—isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes.

A gas undergoes a reversible non-flow process according to the relation p = (-5V+25) where, p is the pressure in bar and V is the volume in m3. Find the work done if the volume changes from 5 m3 to 10 m3.

A gas initially at 700K, and 0.6bar occupying a volume of 0.15 is compressed isothermally until the volume is halved and subsequently it undergoes further compression at constant pressure till the volume is halved again. Determine the amount of work necessary and sketch the processes on p-V diagram.

A gas system undergoes a non-flow reversible process according to the relation pV = 150, where, p is the pressure in bar and V is the volume in m3. Determine the work done when the pressure increases from 10 bar to 100 bar. State the nature of the process, whether compression or expansion.

An engine cylinder of 200 mm diameter has a stroke length of 400 mm. The swept volume

is 4 times the clearance volume. The pressure of the gases at the beginning of the expansion

stroke is 16 bar. Find the workdone during the expansion stroke, assuming the process as

reversible adiabatic. Consider the adiabatic index as 1.4.

Energy Equation for Non-flow Processes-Isochoric and Isobaric Processes and Relation between the Specific Heats at Constant Pressure, Constant Volume and Specific Gas Constant.

Energy Equation for Non-flow Processes-Isothermal,  Adiabatic and Polytropic Processes.

A gas in a piston-cylinder arrangement is expanded reversibly from its initial state of 1 bar and 0.5 m3 to a final state of 1 bar and 2m3. Determine the change in internal energy if 200 kJ of heat is supplied to the gas.

A gas in a piston-cylinder arrangement undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four processes. The heat transfer during the cycle is -400 kJ and the system completes 200 cycles per minute. Complete the table and determine the power of the cycle. Specify whether the cycle consumes or develops power.

1 kg of carbon dioxide in a rigid container undergoes a reversible process at constant pressure. If 45 kJ of internal energy decreases during the process, find the workdone during the process. Take: Cv = 600 J/kg K; and Cp = 840 J/kg K.

A mass of 8 kg of gas expands within a flexible container by following a law, pvl.2 = constant. If the initial pressure, final pressure and initial volume are 1000 kPa, 5 kPa and 1 m^3 respectively, find the heat transfer and state its direction. Consider that the specific internal energy of the gas decreases by 40 kJ/kg.

Lecture of first law of thermodynamics applied to flow process.

Steam flows through a nozzle at a mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s with a heat loss of 5 kW. The enthalpies at the inlet and exit are 2500 kJ/kg and 2350 kJ/kg respectively. Assuming negligible velocity at the inlet, find the velocity of steam at the exit of the nozzle.

Numerical Example on Flow Process-Gas Turbine

Limitations of first law of thermodynamics.

Second law of thermodynamics, Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, and their equivalence.

Numerical example on heat engine.

An inventor claims to have developed a heat engine that receives 800 kJ of heat from a source and produces 450 kJ of work. The engine works between the temperature limits of 500K and 300 K. Find out whether his claim is valid or not.

A refrigerator of capacity 15000 kJ/hr extracts 1500 kJ of heat by utilizing a power of 1 kW. Find the COP of the refrigerator and the rate of heat transfer.

Numerical Example on Two Carnot Engines in Series

Numerical Example on Two Carnot Refrigerators in Series

Numerical Example on Combined System of Heat Engine and Refrigerator

A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperature 750°C and 50°C. The engine drives a reversible refrigerator that operates between reservoirs at temperatures of 50°C and -30°C. The heat transfer to the engine is 2600 kJ and the net work output of the combined engine refrigerator plant is 400 kJ.

(i) Determine the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the net heat transfer to the reservoir at 50°C.

(ii) If the efficiency of the heat engine and the COP of the refrigerator are each 45% of the maximum possible values, what will be the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the net heat transfer to the reservoir at 50°C.

A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperature 750°C and 50°C. The engine drives a reversible refrigerator that operates between reservoirs at temperatures of 50°C and -30°C. The heat transfer to the engine is 2600 kJ and the net work output of the combined engine refrigerator plant is 400 kJ.

(i) Determine the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the net heat transfer to the reservoir at 50°C.

(ii) If the efficiency of the heat engine and the COP of the refrigerator are each 45% of the maximum possible values, what will be the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the net heat transfer to the reservoir at 50°C.

Introduction to Entropy, Clausius Inequality, Entropy-A Property

Find the enthalpy of 1 kg of steam at 10 bar when the steam is (i) dry saturated, (ii) 60% dry, and (iii) superheated to 220^o C. Assume the specific heat of superheated steam as 2.2 kJ/kg K.

Steam at 7.0 bar and 300∘ C enters an insulated nozzle with a velocity of 60 m/s. It leaves at a pressure of 1.0 bar and a velocity of 900 m/s. Determine the quality of the steam at the exit of the nozzle.