Thermodynamics 1 (Fully Explained + 102 Solved Examples)

understand prefixes like kilo and mega, perform unit conversions for kinetic energy and work, and connect newton-metre to joule with practical examples such as km/h to m/s.

Solve warmup example 1.3 by using pressures at points 1 and 2 to obtain h_w and h_o, via hydrostatic p = rho g h, with h0 = 4 h_w.

Convert one kilowatt hour to kilojoules and joules using 3600 seconds per hour and unit prefixes. The method shows that 3600 kilojoules equal 3.6 megajoules, with seconds canceling out.

Convert speeds from kilometer per hour to meter per second using unit equivalence and cancellation, illustrated by turning 20 km/h into 5.55 m/s.

Explain the steady flow process in a control volume, where properties are constant at each point but vary along the flow, and discuss flow work and the steady-flow first law.

Explore gravitational and spring potential energy, kinetic energy from linear and rotational motion, and electrical energy from current, voltage, and resistance, and learn their governing equations.

Treat the room as a closed system and apply the first law; with no heat transfer, the energy-rate change equals the sum of electrical powers, 1650 watts.

Solve a steady-flow pump example to determine ideal and real power needed to lift water 200 m at 0.3 m^3/s, using density 1050 kg/m^3 and 0.74 efficiency.

Determine the pump motor unit efficiency for lifting water 15 m at 70 l/s using the steady-flow first law, yielding about 10.3 kW ideal input power and ~67% efficiency.

Apply the first law to insulated closed systems and steady-flow devices, determine the change in internal energy, and compute ideal power generation for turbines and wind turbines.

Apply the first law of thermodynamics to a 1150 kg car climbing a 100 m, 30-degree hill in 12 s; analyze closed-system energy changes for constant velocity, rest-to-30 m/s, braking.

Explore saturation temperature and saturation pressure on the liquid-vapor saturation curve, showing how pressure shifts boiling and phase regions, and define enthalpy, latent heat, and the critical point.

Interpolate for water in warm-up example 3.2 to obtain hf at 365 kPa, yielding 590.5 kJ/kg, and reference chapter 3.10 for the interpolation method.

Analyze example 3.2 for refrigerant 134a using the properties table to determine temperature, pressure, and phase, then apply example 3.3 on water boiling at sea level to compute evaporation.

apply the ideal gas law to solve gauge and absolute pressures for air and oxygen tanks, converting volumes to cubic meters and temperatures to kelvin.

Analyze the expansion of an ideal gas in a rigid two-part tank after removing the partition, until p2 = p1; derive t2 = 3 t1, yielding 3600 kelvin.

Explore how internal energy and enthalpy of ideal gases depend only on temperature, relate cp, cv, R, and k, and apply the first law to closed systems.

Apply the first law for a closed, isobar piston-cylinder system with saturated liquid and vapor at 600 kPa, determine heat transfer to reach 200°C, accounting for boundary work.

Solve example 4.5 and 4.6 in thermodynamics 1, analyzing an insulated, rigid tank with water and hydrogen to determine final temperature, tank volume, and final pressure via the first law.

Apply the first law to an insulated, rigid tank; after removing the partition, the ideal gas expands, keeping temperature at 50°C and reducing pressure to 400 kPa.

Solve a polytropic compression of argon (ideal gas) in a piston-cylinder, calculating boundary work and heat transfer in kilojoules per kilogram using the first law for a closed system.

Solve an isobaric heating of 5 kg saturated water vapor at 300 kPa to 200 °C and determine the boundary work using p dv, yielding 165.9 kJ.

Apply the steady-flow first law to a pipe with superheated vapor, using m dot, cp, and a 30 deg C delta t to compute q dot out (heat loss).

Explore solving nozzle problems using the steady-flow first law, adiabatic and no-work assumptions, and ideal-gas properties to find exit temperature, pressure, and velocities.

Analyze example 5.7 on refrigerant-134a in an adiabatic compressor to determine power input and inlet volume flow from saturated vapor at -24°C to 0.8 MPa and 60°C.

Explore the second law of thermodynamics, with Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements. See how heat engines convert heat from a high-temperature source into work and reject waste heat to a sink.

Explore how refrigerators transfer heat from a low to high temperature space using a vapor compression cycle with a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator, and define coefficient of performance.

Analyze heat and work balances in a steam power plant and an automobile engine to compute net output and thermal efficiency from furnace heat, heat losses, and fuel heating value.

Explore entropy as a measure of disorder and irreversibility, learn Clausius inequality, entropy change, and the link between heat transfer and the area under the Ts curve for reversible processes.

Explain how entropy increases in irreversible processes, quantify entropy generation (s_gen), and apply isentropic, reversible adiabatic conditions via TdS relations for simple compressible systems.

Solve isothermal, closed-system example for refrigerant 134a from 320 kPa and 40°C to a 45% quality saturated mixture using the first law to get work and heat per unit mass.

Compute the final equilibrium temperature and total entropy change for an aluminium block and an iron block in an insulated closed system; final temperature 109°C, total entropy change 0.25 kJ/K.

Compute the entropy generation rate in an insulated oxygen pipe by analyzing a single-input single-output control volume, using ideal gas relations and the inlet–outlet entropy change.