Explore the science of biology and its branches like ecology, anatomy, and microbiology. Learn the scientific methodology: observation, hypothesis, and experiments that reveal living things and their usefulness.

Explore the scientific method through a plant light experiment, observe how plants respond to light and darkness, and compare plant versus animal cells and life.

Define sense organs and identify the five sense organs. Describe their structure and features, explain their differences, and outline the mechanism of sense organs.

Explore the five major sense organs—eyes, nose, skin, tongue, and hearing—and how receptors detect stimuli and transmit signals to the central nervous system for interpretation.

Explore the eye as a sense organ protected by eyelids and blinking, with sclera, choroid, retina, rods and cones, iris, and optic nerve forming visual images.

The eye forms an inverted image on the retina by refraction, the brain interprets it upright, and the eye accommodates by changing lens shape for near and far vision.

Describes four eye defects—myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia—and their corrections using concave, convex, and cylindrical lenses, progressive and bifocal options, and contact lenses.

Describe the ear as a sense organ, detailing outer ear, middle ear with ossicles, and inner ear with cochlea and semicircular canals, and explain hearing and balance mechanisms.

The skin, body's largest organ, houses epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis with receptors for pain, heat, cold, touch, and pressure, supporting protection, hydration, temperature regulation, vitamin d synthesis, and fat storage.

Explore how the nose functions as the organ of smell, located on the roof of the nasal cavity, detecting smells quickly and transmitting impulses to the brain for interpretation.

Explains how the tongue's taste buds detect sweet, bitter, and salty substances and send signals to the brain, while noting saliva, temperature, health, and chewing affect taste.

Identify and explain the different types of habitat, describe the major zones of marine habitats, and identify the types of terrestrial habitats.

Explore the concept of habitat as the environment where organisms live, shaped by physical, chemical, and biological factors. Determine how habitat provides food, shelter, protection, and reproduction opportunities.

Learn about the marine habitat, its two major parts—the literal zone and the benthic zone—and related zones like intertidal, neritic, and oceanic, plus photic and aphotic layers.

Define estuarine habitat as a coastal water body where sea salt mixes with freshwater. Highlight its nutrient-rich, highly productive ecosystem that supports crabs, snails, and tilapia.

Explore freshwater habitats, inland water bodies with very low salinity that exclude seawater and brackish water, including lantic, low tech, and wetlands with ponds, rivers, streams, and lakes.

Explore terrestrial habitats on land away from water, including forests, grasslands, deserts, shorelines, and arboreal habitats, detailing climate, plants, and animals.

Explore major zones of marine habitats, rainforest vegetation features, two savanna types in Nigeria with town examples, and desert animal adaptations to drought and heat.

Explore how living organisms respond to their immediate environment through movement and irritability, learn about locomote organs, the three types of responses, and reproduction.

Explore how living things respond to stimuli with irritability and movement. Read about cytoplasmic streaming in unicellular organisms and locomotion via flagella, and classify responses as taxis and tropic movements.

Examine taxis movements, where organisms show positive or negative responses to light, water, chemicals, or temperature, with examples like ants around sugar and cockroaches avoiding light.

Explore nastic movements in plants, including rapid monastic responses to mechanical stimuli like touch, rain, and wind, and light- and temperature-driven changes such as nyctinastic movements.

Explore how plants exhibit directional growth, or tropisms, in response to light, gravity, water, chemicals, touch, and temperature, showing positive and negative tropisms.

Explore how reproduction ensures the continuity of life by producing new individuals, and identify the two main types: sexual and asexual.

Explore asexual reproduction, producing new organisms from a single parent without the fusion of gametes, through fission, budding, spore formation, and fragmentation, with examples like bacteria, Hydra, and starfish.

Explore vegetative propagation, using roots and leaves to reproduce same kind plants, with forms like runners and tubers, and artificial methods such as layering, cuttings, and grafting to create hybrids.

Explore sexual reproduction, including conjugation and fertilisation, where gametes form a zygote that becomes an embryo and a new individual, with advantages like hybrids and new species.

Learn the basics of the vertebrate skeleton, including skeleton types, divisions of the vertebrate skeleton, and the vertebral column, along with joint types. Identify supporting tissues, implants, and their functions.

Explore how tissues form units, including blood and cartilages, with roles in transport of electrical signals and protection. See how the skeleton, built from bones, provides movement, shape, and protection.

Explore skeletal materials across organisms, including bones, cartilage, and exoskeletons in arthropods; learn the three cartilage types—hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic—and how bones differ with mineral salts and osteocytes.

Learn about hydrostatic, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton types, and how the human skeleton features 206 bones with axial and appendicular divisions, plus bone classifications like long, short, flat, irregular, and patella.

Identify the skull's two bone groups, cranial and facial. Note that the cranial bones protect the brain, while facial bones form the face, totaling eight and fourteen bones respectively.

The vertebral column protects the spinal cord and contains seven cervical, twelve thoracic, five lumbar vertebrae, plus sacrum and coccyx, with atlas and axis in the neck.

Explore joints and ligaments, and distinguish immovable from movable joints. Examine hinge, pivot, and gliding joints with examples from the neck (atlas and axis) to the elbow and wrists.

Study the plant's supporting tissues, including collenchyma and xylem, their living and dead cells, and how they provide shape, rigidity, and transport of water, minerals, and sugars.

Define cellular respiration and its types, explain glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, and differentiate aerobic respiration from the other type mentioned.

Define cellular respiration as the biochemical process where glucose is broken down by enzymatic reactions to release energy and form ATP, involving ADP and AMP.

Explore aerobic respiration by tracing glycolysis in the cytoplasm, ATP investment, and the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, yielding ATP, CO2, and water from glucose.

Explain how anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide through the glycolytic pathway and fermentation, and distinguish alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation.

Define the transport system, identify its types within the circulatory system, and explain the structure and function of the heart.

Identify the transport system as the body's circulatory system moving substances. Show why multicellular organisms need transport for waste removal and metabolism via the heart and network of vessels.

Explore how the heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins, and contrast open versus closed circulatory systems.

Examine vertebrate circulatory systems, from single circulation in fishes to double circulation in higher animals, detailing pulmonary and systemic circulation.

Explain arteries, veins, and capillaries, and how they carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood to and from the heart, including structural differences and the role of valves.

Explore the human heart’s structure and function—atria and ventricles, mitral and tricuspid valves—and the flow of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, with relaxation and contraction driving circulation.

Explore the digestive system and feeding mechanism, with objectives to define key terms, identify parts and types of unmetered transportation items, and describe organisms' feeding mechanisms and tea types.

Define digestion as breaking down large food molecules and outline the digestive system, including the alimentary canal and assimilation, holosuite feeding and intracellular vs extracellular digestion.

Examine the alimentary canal across organisms, from endo parasites lacking an alimentary canal to planaria with a simple canal and insects such as cockroaches and grasshoppers.

Explore the human alimentary canal from mouth to large intestine, detailing digestion and absorption, peristaltic movements, and enzymes from saliva, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine, plus bile and villi-based absorption.

Explore absorption mechanism seen in certain organisms, biting and chewing in cockroaches and grasshoppers, and sucking via proboscis in mosquitoes, butterflies, and houseflies, plus grinding and trapping in other organisms.

Explore feeding in protozoa and hydra, highlighting amoeba catching food and digesting it with enzymes, and hydra using tentacles to seize prey with extracellular digestion.

Explore dentition in humans and animals, comparing homodont and heterodont types, detailing milk and permanent teeth, incisors, canines, premolars, molars, tooth structure, and the dental formula.

Engage with practice questions to describe the feeding and hydration process and test how well you’ve followed the class.

Explore genetics, including how traits are inherited from parents to offspring; describe the structure of DNA and RNA, and examine transmission and expression of traits in organisms.

Explore genetics as the science of heredity and the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. Examine inherited features and disorders such as Down's syndrome.

Explore gene, DNA, and chromosomes; distinguish genotype from phenotype, dominance and recessiveness, and homozygous versus heterozygous traits, then describe zygote formation and the rise of hybrids.

Explore how genes, as sections of DNA, encode traits through transcription and the genetic code, with DNA structure, nucleotides, and base pairing guiding protein synthesis, while environment shapes expression.

Discover how DNA, built from nucleotides, stores heredity and encodes proteins via codons; RNA and DNA interactions form amino acids and polypeptides, and chromosomes organize these genes.

Explore variation as observed in organisms, including morphological and physiological differences, from color and size to taste tests, along with Mendel's laws of inheritance and allele segregation.

Construct a Punnett table to solve a dihybrid cross, predicting offspring genotypes and phenotypes. Identify dominant and recessive traits, such as Y yellow and y green, and 9:3:3:1 ratio.

Back cross crosses the F1 offspring with a parent or similar, producing progeny that resemble the parent and demonstrate the dominance of the tall allele over the short allele.

The lecture explains test cross by crossing the F1 generation with recessive parents, yielding 50/50 outcomes and introducing sex determination.

Explore how sex determination depends on whether a sperm carrying an x or a y chromosome fertilizes the egg, producing xx or xy offspring and female or male outcomes.

Explore how sex linked characters carried on the X chromosome are inherited, with examples like color blindness and baldness, and how these traits transfer from parents to offspring.

Explore the inheritance of colorblindness as an X-linked trait through father–mother genotype case studies, showing carriers and colorblind sons or daughters across the F1 generation.

Explore haemophilia, a genetic disorder carried on the X chromosome and caused by a recessive gene. The lecture explains inheritance patterns, carriers, and how offspring may be affected.

Explores albinism as a genetic disorder, explains inheritance patterns and carrier status in families with albino parents, and analyzes potential offspring outcomes.

Describe baldness as a genetic disorder linked to a recessive gene on the X chromosome, causing hair loss around the scalp. Note its prevalence among men and women.

Explore sickle cell anemia, a genetic disorder marked by sickled red blood cells that block oxygen delivery, cause crises, and is common in Africa.

Investigate the applications of heredity in medicine, crime, reproduction, and agriculture. See how genetics informs disease screening, paternity testing, transfusion compatibility, IVF, and crop improvement.