The basics of physics - Kepler Learning

Explore the universe's 13.8 billion years history, from the big bang and space expansion to dark matter and dark energy, and how atoms formed as the cosmos keeps expanding.

Learn how stars form from nebulae under gravity and glow in colors from red to blue. See how constellations and galaxies organize billions of stars in the Milky Way.

Compare speed and velocity, noting velocity as a direction-aware vector described by arrows. Apply unit conversions, the svt formula, and concepts of acceleration, gravity, freefall, air resistance, and circular motion.

Calculate ground pressure by dividing weight by contact area; with a 100 kg mass on an 8 m^2 ground area, weight is 1000 N and pressure is 125 Pa.

Learn how air pressure, density, and lift govern flight and everyday effects, from pressure-area examples with knives to hot air balloons, and apply Bernoulli's principle to aircraft wings.

Explore ohm's law and how current, voltage, and resistance relate through V = I × R, showing how resistance lowers current. 9 V and 0.9 A yield 10 ohms.

Explore electrical power as the rate of electron flow, measured in watts and kilowatts, and learn to convert watts to kilowatts to calculate energy in kilowatt-hours.

Explore how surface heating drives convection to form cumulonimbus clouds with showers and thunder, and how dew point and terrain lifting yield low, medium, and high cloud classifications by altitude.

Identify stratus, altostratus, altocumulus, cirrus, and nimbostratus clouds, their typical altitudes, and their precipitation patterns, including drizzle, prolonged rain, or snow.

Observe how fronts form when warm and cold air meet, with clouds forming. Rising warm air above cold air drives warm fronts, increasing humidity and precipitation.

Measure air pressure in hectopascals; it varies with air and forms low pressure cyclones anticlockwise in northern hemisphere, with rising air cooling to form clouds and high pressure anticyclones clockwise.

Analyze how human activities raise carbon dioxide and emissions from fossil fuels, transport, agriculture, and forestry, driving acid rain and smog; and how phosphorus from farming causes algal blooms.

Global warming drives stronger winds and more storms, melting Arctic ice and threatening wildlife and harvests. The Paris Agreement aims to limit warming to 1.5°C and shift to renewable energy.

Sun rays heat the ground and warm the bottom atmosphere through conduction; cloud-free days are warmer, and cloudy conditions reflect radiant energy and keep heat, while cloud-free nights cool faster.

Sound arises from vibrating objects that cause densifications and rarefactions in air, such as voices. It travels through air at 340 m/s, spreads in all directions, and weakens with distance.

Explore how sound waves are sine waves with wavelength and amplitude, where shorter wavelengths yield higher sounds and longer wavelengths yield lower sounds, with frequency in hertz, ultrasound, and infrasound.

Explore how hearing and balance arise from sound pressure waves that vibrate the eardrum and middle ear bones, translating through inner ear and cochlea to the auditory nerve and brain.

Explore how light shifted from a particle concept to a wave, then understand electromagnetic waves with electric and magnetic fields, visible to the eye, and light’s speeds in different media.

Explore kinetic, potential, and mechanical energy, and learn how mass, velocity, height, and gravity transform energy from one form to another, with real-world examples.

Define power as energy converted per unit time, measured in watts (joules per second). High power means fast task execution; low power means slow execution.

Explore how energy storage works across batteries, dams, and various energy types—solar, magnetic, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy from fission.

Explore how solar, wind, hydro, coal, and nuclear power plants convert energy into electrical power, and how inverters transform direct current to alternating current for home use.