Skull and face radiography

The skull comprises 22 bones in two groups, cranial bones (eight) and facial bones (fourteen), fused by sutures and including the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.

Explore the skull’s sutures, fontanelles, and mandibular landmarks to understand facial radiography. Observe the temporomandibular joint mechanics, sinus and orbital bones, and how increased pressure may cause an outflow fracture.

Explore the key landmarks in skull radiography, including the sagittal and lambdoid sutures, frontal bone, crista galli, nasal septum, sinuses, mastoid air cells, orbital margins, and petrous ridge.

Capture panoramic skull and face radiography by rotating the x-ray tube around the patient while the receptor moves oppositely, revealing the mandible and the maxillary sinus and nasal bone.

Showcases skull radiography with Townes view, detailing multiple cranial sutures: coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid, rhomboid, and metopic across lateral, anterior, and frontal views.

Master lateral, waters, Caldwell, and tawny skull radiography views and their positioning cues. Assess how sella turcica, petrous ridge, TMJ, and coronoid processes affect symmetry and rotation.

Classifies skull sutures in infants and toddlers and highlights normal sutures visible on skull x-ray, including sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, squamous, metopic, and accessory parietal sutures, some persisting to adulthood.

Examine skull sutures in frontal and lateral radiographs, including sagittal, coronal, rhomboid, squamous, occipitomastoid, and innominate sutures, and distinguish normal sutures from fractures using two-view radiography.

Identify accessory sutures in skull radiography to avoid misreading fractures, including metopic, sagittal, coronal, rhomboid and intraparietal sutures, and wormian bones on ap and lateral views.

Explore the skull fontanelles, especially the anterior fontanelle—the largest, closing at 18–24 months to form the bregma; the posterior closes by three months and the sphenoidal by six months.

Wormian bones, or infrasutural bones, appear as small lucent sutural foci near the rhomboid suture on radiographs; they may be multiple, including triangular Inca bone at posterior fontanelle.

Examine adult skull radiographs with standard and supplemental views, including lateral and town views, to distinguish vascular markings indenting the inner table from fractures, using sawtooth sutures.

Systematically analyze the injury area on skull radiographs, adjust windowing, and detect a linear fracture, a depressed fracture, or a sphenoid sinus fluid level indicating basal skull fracture.

Explore skull fracture examples, including linear and depressed patterns with sclerotic appearance and pediatric bone injuries, plus sphenoid and maxillary layering and air-fluid levels in basal skull fractures.

Learn to assess mid-face and orbit radiographs, recognize occipital mental and pentagrammic views, and identify tripod, blowout, and mandible injuries with a five-point checklist.

Identify midface injuries, including isolated zygomatic arch fractures confirmed by CT and fractures of the inferior orbital margin; note isolated rim fractures and possible maxillary sinus involvement.

Identify orbital blowout fractures from blunt trauma and their floor and medial wall involvement, with teardrop, dark shedding, and black eyebrow radiographic signs.

Rely on clinical suspicion over panoramic results, using panoramic and anterior radiographs to assess the mandible's symmetry, occlusion, and condyle for potential bilateral fractures.

Explore nasal bone injuries and fractures, the most common facial fracture, often missed with swelling, and review anatomy such as the nasofrontal suture and anterior ethmoidal nerve groove.

Explores nontraumatic skull and face radiography, detailing hyperostosis frontalis interna, parietal foramina, granulomas, hyperparathyroidism with salt-and-pepper skull, Paget disease, thalassemia, craniofacial fibrous dysplasia, and neurofibromatosis type 1 signs.