
Explore how JWT based security works in spring boot 3, detailing the authentication filter flow: validate or reject tokens, fetch user details, update the security context, and dispatch requests.
Create a new Spring Boot 3 project via Spring Initializr with Maven, Java 17, jar packaging, and add Web, Security, Spring Data JPA, PostgreSQL driver, and Lombok.
Configure a PostgreSQL data source for the application by installing the driver, setting host and port, testing the connection, and creating a JWT security database with the public schema.
Establish a Spring Boot database connection by converting properties to YAML, configuring the data source URL and credentials, and enabling PostgreSQL dialect, show SQL, and schema creation.
Extend your user model by implementing the spring security UserDetails interface, define a Role enum for user roles, and return authorities with SimpleGrantedAuthority to enable authentication and authorization.
Implement the signing key for a JWT by decoding a base64 secret, selecting an HMAC SHA key, and configuring a 256-bit secret to securely sign and verify tokens.
Learn to extract the username from a JWT by reading the subject claim, which should be the user name or email, and preview implementing expiration checks and token generation.
Implement a user details service bean in the application config, loading users by email via the user repository and throwing a username not found exception when missing, enabling JWT authentication.
Validate the JWT token, create a username password authentication token from the user details, update the SecurityContextHolder, set web authentication details, and forward the request through the filter chain.
Create the authentication manager bean using authentication configuration to expose an authentication manager that authenticates users by username and password, leveraging Spring Security's default implementation.
Create an authentication response class that returns a simple string token to the user, using a data annotation, a builder, and all-args and no-args constructors.
Implement the register method to create a user from the registration request, encode the password, save the user to the database, and return a JWT token in the authentication response.
Use the authentication manager to authenticate a user with email and password via a username password authentication token, then generate and return an authentication token.
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A JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object that is digitally signed using JSON Web Signature (JWS).
A JWT consists of three parts: a header, a payload, and a signature.
The header typically consists of two parts: the type of the token, which is JWT, and the signing algorithm being used, such as HMAC SHA256 or RSA.
The second part of the token is the payload, which contains the claims. Claims are statements about an entity (typically, the user) and additional data. There are three types of claims: registered, public, and private claims. Registered claims are a set of predefined claims which are not mandatory but recommended, to provide a set of useful, interoperable claims. Some of the registered claims are:
iss (issuer) claim identifies the principal that issued the JWT.
sub (subject) claim identifies the subject of the JWT.
aud (audience) claim identifies the recipients that the JWT is intended for.
exp (expiration time) claim identifies the expiration time on or after which the JWT MUST NOT be accepted for processing.
Public claims are claims that are defined in the IANA JSON Web Token Registry or are public by nature. Private claims are custom claims created to share information between parties that agree on using them.
The third part of the token is the signature, which is used to verify that the sender of the JWT is who it claims to be and to ensure that the message wasn't changed along the way.
To create the signature part you have to take the encoded header, the encoded payload, a secret, the algorithm specified in the header, and sign that. For example if you want to use the HMAC SHA256 algorithm, the signature will be created in the following way:
HMACSHA256( base64UrlEncode(header) + "." + base64UrlEncode(payload), secret)
The final JWT will be three base64-URL strings separated by dots, which can be easily passed in HTML and HTTP environments, while being more compact when compared to XML-based standards such as SAML.