Respiratory System - Important Medications and Diseases

Angiotensin II, formed from angiotensinogen by liver and kidneys and ACE from the lungs, causes vasoconstriction, aldosterone-driven sodium reabsorption, and hypervolemia, raising blood pressure; ACE degrades bradykinin.

Explain how acute high-altitude exposure triggers hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis, and altitude sickness, then describe chronic adaptations like bicarbonate excretion, acetazolamide use, secondary polycythemia, and increased mitochondrial density.

Explore how deep vein thrombosis causes pulmonary embolism, with risk factors and emergency management, including CT angiography and anticoagulation with NOACs, LMWH, warfarin, and Andexanet reversal.

Match breathing patterns to clinical scenarios to identify Biot's pattern in brain injury, Cheyne-Stokes in myocardial infarction, tachypnea from airway obstruction, and the rapid, deep breathing of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive CFTR defect on chromosome 7 causing thick mucus in lungs and pancreas, leading to infections, meconium ileus, infertility, and high sweat chloride.

Grade tumors by differentiation and mitotic activity to assess prognosis, while TNM staging measures size, nodular involvement, and metastasis; C, P, and B denote clinical, pathological, or tumor symptoms.

Differentiate lung cancers by center versus periphery, highlighting squamous cell carcinoma in smokers. Note peripheral adenocarcinoma with mucus and nail clubbing, and large cell cancer secreting estrogen and beta hCG.

Outlines how streptococcus forms chains, produces toxins, evades immunity, and yields pus, causing scarlet fever, toxic shock-like syndrome, rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis, with M-protein and erythrogenic toxin as markers.

Nocardia forms long filaments like fungi, is a gram-positive aerobic bacterium found in dirt and soil, causes lung nodules and cough, is acid-fast, PPD negative, may spread to CNS.

Listeria grows in raw meat and dairy, can cross the placenta. It spreads cell-to-cell using listeriolysin o and actin tails, risking pregnancy and immunocompromised states, and is treated with ampicillin.

Explore how bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive rod that weakens tissues, germinates, releases toxins, and forms spores, causing cutaneous anthrax with a painless eschar and pulmonary anthrax with 100% mortality.

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase to block folate synthesis and DNA replication, reducing inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis; leucovorin rescue mitigates myelosuppression and it treats cancers such as acute lymphoid leukemia.

Carbapenems kill bacteria by using outer membrane porins to create holes in the cell wall; Ertapenem is especially effective for Pseudomonas.

Learn how loop diuretics inhibit the sodium potassium two chloride cotransporter in the ascending loop of hennelly to promote diuresis and treat edema, hypertension, and hypercalcemia.

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) irreversibly inhibits COX-1 at low doses, yielding antiplatelet blood thinning; at high doses it inhibits COX-2 for anti-inflammatory effects, with risks like Reye's syndrome and gastric ulcers.

Explore curb 65 criteria for pneumonia admission, including confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age, and the corresponding outpatient, inpatient, and icu treatment regimens.