Python for Beginners to Pro: Master Python Programming

Open PyCharm, write Python code, and use the print function to display strings like hello world and numbers, handle quotes and multiple arguments, and observe syntax and indentation rules.

Learn how variables store data in memory, assign values with the assignment operator, and display strings or numbers with print, including changing values from Bob to Alice.

Start using hash symbol comments in Python to explain code, document author and version details, and keep programs readable as they grow, since comments are ignored during execution.

Master Python variable naming rules by using letters, numbers, and underscores only, avoiding spaces or starting with a number, respecting case sensitivity, and not using keywords or hash symbols.

Explore how Python stores data with core data types, including numbers, strings, tuples, sequences, sets, and mappings, plus none type, and understand mutable versus immutable behavior.

Learn to use Python's built-in type function to identify types like int, float, bool, complex, str, tuple, list, set, dict, and none type, and compare output in idle versus PyCharm.

Explore dynamic typing in Python, where Python decides a variable's type from its value, so you don't declare it and a single variable can hold different types during execution.

Discover how to assign values to variables in Python using the assignment operator, including same-value and different-value techniques, multiple variable assignment, and different types, with code examples.

learn how to swap values between variables in python using a temp variable and python's simultaneous assignments to swap multiple variables, demonstrated with first name, last name, and beyond.

Explore Python's object model by creating variables as objects in memory, inspecting their id, type, and value, and using identity operators is and is not to compare objects.

Declaring and assigning variables creates objects in memory, and using del removes the variable name (as with h), while amount and total may share the same object id.

Learn Python variable best practices by spotting common errors like misspelled variable names and case sensitivity. Identify issues when using undeclared or unassigned variables in print statements.

Learn how to read user input in Python using the input function, store it in variables, and combine it with print to greet users and display derived messages.

Explore how Python's print function formats output by using the sep and end arguments, including examples with first and last names and customizing separators and line endings.

Explore Python's number types—integers, floating point numbers, complex numbers, and boolean values—using the type function, and learn about real and imaginary parts, and rules like no commas and exponent notation.

Explore Python's basic arithmetic: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, using print statements and variables to evaluate expressions, understand integer and floating-point results, and handle negative numbers.

Explore the exponent operator in Python, using the ** symbol to raise bases to powers with integers, floating point numbers, negative values, and large integers like 2**4000.

Explains floor division and the modulus operator in Python, comparing true division with floor division, showing how 10 // 4 truncates to 2 and 11 % 4 returns 3.

learn how expressions combine values with arithmetic operators and how operator precedence and parentheses determine the order of evaluation in Python.

Discover how the assignment operator combines with arithmetic operators to update variables, using x += 2 and x *= 2 as core examples.

Explains coercion and type conversion in Python, showing how int and float conversions work, converting strings to numbers with int and float, and why types cause errors or data loss.

Explore reading user input in Python, converting strings to integers or floats, and using eval to evaluate expressions and print arithmetic results.

Explore the built in numeric functions such as abs, pow, round, div mod, max, and min, with practical examples for integers and floating point numbers.

Explore how floating point numbers yield surprising results in addition, subtraction, and division because Python stores approximate values due to limited 16-digit precision.

Learn how to format decimals in Python by using the format function to display two decimals for cost, tax, and total, and compare with percent formatting and width alignment.

Learn to read large numbers in Python by using underscores to separate digits, keeping the numeric type unchanged for integers and floating point numbers, with underscores ignored in storage.

Explore how Python handles very large numbers, infinity, and not a number (nan), showing that operations on infinities can yield inf or nan, and that division of infinities is undefined.

Explore the python boolean data type, where true and false express logical results; booleans are a subclass of integers, not strings, with zero mapping to false and one to true.

Discover how Python converts numbers and strings to boolean values using the bool function, where non-zero numbers and non-empty strings yield true, while zero, 0.0, and empty strings yield false.

Master the None data type, a special null value in Python. See how multiple variables share one None object and how the garbage collector frees it when assigned None.

Explore how strings work in Python, using single, double, and triple quotes to represent text and multi-line strings, and learn that quotes delimit strings and are not part of them.

Learn to measure string length in Python with the len function, using Alice (5 characters) and an address (33 characters), noting spaces count and that quotes do not affect length.

Discover how to find the smallest and largest characters in a string using Python's min and max functions, illustrated with the example 'Alice' and a print statement.

Explore how Python handles strings with quotes, using single or double quotes, and escape sequences to include special characters, including backslashes, newlines, and tabs, and measure length with len().

Learn how to join strings with the plus operator, print full names with spaces, and convert numbers to strings using quotes or the str function, while understanding string immutability.

Master string repetition in Python with asterisk operator to print a message multiple times and decorate output with dashes or underscores; positive repeats display, zero or negative repeats show nothing.

Learn how to access characters in Python strings using the subscript operator and indexes that start at zero, including positive and negative indexing, while noting strings are immutable.

Learn to extract substrings and characters in Python using the subscript operator and the colon slice operator, with start, end, and negative indices, while preserving the original string.

Learn slicing with step in python using the slice operator to specify start, end, and step, extract every second or third character, and reverse with a negative step.

Demonstrate updating a string with slicing to create a new value, because strings are immutable, by replacing the character at index 14 with 'O' to form 'United States of America'.

Explore Python's in and not in membership operators to search characters and substrings within strings, including case sensitivity, with practical examples using the string 'United States of America'.

Learn how to locate characters and substrings in strings with Python's find and rfind methods, including first occurrence, reverse search, and optional start and end indices.

Learn how the Python index method locates the first occurrence of a character or substring in a string, and how, unlike find, it raises an error if not found.

Explore how to use Python's startswith() to check if a string begins with a prefix or substring, including case sensitivity and optional start and end indices.

Learn how to use the ends with method to check whether a string ends with a character or substring, with optional start and end indexes and true or false results.

Learn to count occurrences of characters or substrings in a string with Python's count method, including optional start and end indices, using the string United States of America as examples.

Explore Python's string split method, turning text into a list by whitespace or a delimiter, with a maximum number of splits, illustrated by United States of America and CSV data.

Read multiple values from input, assign them to variables, and unpack first and last names via the split method. Ensure the variable count matches the split results to avoid errors.

Learn how to break a multi-line string into individual lines using the splitlines method in python, and compare it with the split method and newline handling.

Learn how the Python join method combines string characters using a separator, opposite of split, by applying it to a sample title and printing the resulting joined string.

Explore how the partition method splits a string into left substring, the separator, and right substring based on the first occurrence, and note the r partition splits from the right.

Learn how to remove leading and trailing whitespaces with the strip method in Python, including lstrip and rstrip, and handle newline characters and tabs.

Learn to remove characters from the start and end of strings with strip, lstrip, and rstrip in python by passing multiple characters and noting only the ends are affected.

Learn how to replace characters in strings using Python's replace method, which substitutes all occurrences of the old substring with the new substring and returns a new string.

Explore how to convert strings in Python using upper, lower, title, capitalize, and swapcase. Learn about string immutability and how these methods return new strings.

Explore string is methods that check casing and content, including is lower, is upper, is title, is alpha, is alnum, is digit, is decimal, is space, and is numeric.

Explore text justification in Python using center, ljust, and rjust to align a string within a 50-character width. These methods return new strings and support custom fill characters.

Learn how to format strings in Python using f-strings, including variable substitution, arithmetic within f-strings, currency formatting, percentages, and text justification.

Explore how to use the format method in Python to format strings, display names with indices, calculate subtotals, format currency and percentages, and justify text with specified widths.

Learn how to convert numbers to strings using Python's str function, and verify types with type, by converting integers and floats to strings and printing results.

Compare formatting with f strings and the format method, then use the z fill method to left-pad a cost by zeros after converting it to a string with width ten.

Understand raw strings in Python, where backslashes stay literal and escapes are ignored. Prefix with r to print paths like C program files Python bin folder without errors.

Master conditional control in Python by evaluating conditions and selectively executing code with if, else, and elif statements.

Learn Python's relational operators: less than, less than or equal to, greater than, greater than or equal to, equals, and not equals, and their booleans for numbers and strings.

Explore the equals and not equals operators in Python, using == and != to compare numbers and strings to yield boolean true or false results.

Explore Python's if statement as a one-way selection, using conditions such as age greater than or equal to 18 to control code blocks with input conversion and indentation guiding execution.

Master Python's if-else two-way selection by evaluating conditions such as age for a driving license, using if and else blocks with indentation. Understand true/false outcomes and how indentation separates blocks.

Explore Python nested if-else statements by modeling age-based driving license rules, including checks for age >= 18 and age >= 80, with nested else blocks for invalid ages.

Explore how multiway selection using if, elif, and else controls program flow by evaluating age-based conditions for a driving license, including nested if statements, indentation, and single executing block.

Explore how to combine comparison statements in Python using and, or, and not to evaluate multiple conditions. The lecture demonstrates boolean results with age checks and input conversion.

Demonstrates using logical operators in if, elif, and else statements to build boolean expressions for driving license eligibility by age, handling within age limit, above 80, and not eligible cases.

Explore how Python performs short-circuit evaluation on compound conditions using and and or, preventing unnecessary expressions like ten divided by zero from executing.

Learn how to chain comparison operators in Python to form compound conditions like 18 <= age < 80 and 80 <= age <= 100, ensuring all comparisons evaluate true.

Use in and not in membership operators in if and elif statements to evaluate boolean conditions on user input, producing 'person is a male' or 'person is a female'.

Demonstrate the if-else conditional statement and the if-else operator (ternary) in Python to find the largest of two numbers by taking input, converting to int, and printing the result.

Use the pass statement as a placeholder in Python conditionals. Learn how the pass statement lets an age-based conditional block do nothing.

Learn how to use the for loop to iterate over strings and sequences with a loop variable. Understand indentation and printing each character of a name during iteration.

Master for loops with range to repeat a message a chosen number of times, starting from zero and iterating through 0 to n-1, with optional user input converting to int.

Explore the range function in depth, generating integer sequences from start to end with step values, converting ranges to lists for loops and reverse ordering.

Loop through a range of numbers with a for loop and the range function, using user input for start and end, and print the sum with a running total.

Explore the while loop, a condition-driven alternative to the for loop, and learn to accumulate a sum from user input until a negative one quits.

Use the break statement to terminate a while loop when its condition is true, preventing infinite execution, and see an example that sums user-entered numbers until negative one is entered.

Discover how to use the break statement inside a for loop in Python, controlling iteration with range to print numbers 1 through 4 and terminate when a condition is met.

Learn how the continue statement works inside a while loop to skip specific iterations, generating numbers 1 to 6 while omitting 3 and 4.

Learn how to apply the continue statement in a for loop to skip specific iterations, using range(1,7) to produce 1, 2, 5, and 6.

Master the Python while loop and the pass statement, seeing how continue skips numbers 3 and 4 while pass does nothing, and how conditions control printing values.

Use the pass statement inside a for loop to skip printing certain values, while others from 1 to 6 are printed with a range and an if-else check.

Learn how Python's while loop with an optional else clause works, including break behavior, by checking each character for vowels and printing vowel found or vowel not found.

Explore Python's for loop with else clause, which executes only after normal termination, and see how break affects it in a vowel-check example.

Explore the difference between definite and infinite loops, comparing for and while loops, with examples showing how loop counts are determined and how infinite loops require break conditions.

Compare for loops and while loops, noting their similarities and differences, and that break, continue, and pass statements work with both loops, especially when iterations are known or unknown.

Master Python lists as a flexible built-in data structure that stores items in order using square brackets, supports multiple types, and enables indexing, mutation, concatenation, and repetition.

Create and display Python lists using square brackets, the list function, and range, including lists of strings, integers, mixed types, empty lists, and string-to-list conversions.

Learn how to compute the length of a list using the len function and print the result, with examples from user lists, product lists, empty lists, and strings and ranges.

Explore how to access individual elements in a Python list using zero-based and negative indexes, with square brackets, and understand index errors when out of range.

Master Python list slicing by using start and end indices to extract sublists, learn that end indices are exclusive, and save slices to new lists, including negative indexing.

Master Python list slicing using the slice operator and square brackets, with start, end, and step parameters, including negative steps to reverse and extract every second element.

Learn to access and replace list elements in Python using index and negative indexing, modify single items, and replace ranges with slice assignment.

Explore list concatenation in Python using the plus operator to create a new list without modifying originals, and learn assigning, printing, and appending elements with square brackets.

Replicate list elements with the asterisk operator to create new lists, such as twenty zeros, without altering the original list.

Learn to traverse lists in Python by using a for loop to retrieve and print each element on its own line, with a loop variable and a product list example.

Traverse multiple lists in Python using a for loop, range, and len to display corresponding elements from users and ages as paired output.

Explore how the Python in and not in membership operators test for a single element in a list, highlighting case sensitivity and true/false outcomes with user input examples.

Learn how to modify lists in Python by using the append method to add a single element to the end of a dynamic, mutable list, with practical examples.

Learn to use the extend method to add multiple elements to a list in a single operation from a sequence, such as a list or string, modifying the original list.

Master inserting elements into a list with the insert method, which takes an index and a value to add at any position, with out-of-range indices appending to the end.

Master removing elements from Python lists using the del statement, including single items by index and slices, with hands-on examples that modify the original list and handle errors.

Use the list remove method to delete the first occurrence of an element, modify the original list, and learn what happens when the element is absent, with examples.

Master Python lists by using the pop method to remove elements—default last element, or by index, with negative indexing support and error handling for out-of-range indices.

Master how to find a list element's position with the index method, shown through examples like Apple iPad, 4.5, and 256, and handling missing elements.

Count element occurrences in a list using the count method, with examples of strings, numbers, and case sensitivity, showing zero results when absent and how uppercase matters.

Explore how to sort list elements with the sorted function in Python, returning a new sorted list while preserving the original, and see ascending numeric order and alphabetical string order.

Sort the list with the sort method to order items ascending or descending, using reverse. Use dictionary order and ignore case with str.lower, and sort by length using alien.

Learn two Python techniques to reverse list elements: slicing with a negative step returns a reversed list, leaving the original intact, and in place reversal with the list's reverse method.

Join list elements into a single string using the join method with a separator, and print the result; ensure all elements are strings to avoid errors.

Split strings by a separator to return a list, with space as the default. Use a custom separator like a comma to split and store words in a list.

Use Python's zip to pair corresponding elements from two lists, such as users and ages, and convert the result into a list of tuples like (Bob, 35).

Master unpacking a list in Python by assigning its elements to multiple variables with a single statement, and ensure the number of variables matches the list elements.

Explore the min function to find the smallest element in lists of numbers, strings, and temperatures, using alphabetical order when comparing strings, while understanding type consistency and common errors.

Use the max function to find the largest element in a list, as shown with edges, weather, and users. It can compare numbers and strings, but fails with mixed types.

Use the sum function to compute the total of elements in a numerical list like edges, then find the average by dividing the sum by the list length using len

Learn how to clear a list in Python without deleting the list object, using del with a slice or the clear method.

Explore tuples, an immutable data structure that stores ordered elements in parentheses. Learn to hold diverse data types, access by index, and compare with lists using days and location examples.

Learn how to create and declare tuples in Python, using parentheses, commas, and the tuple function. Understand immutability, mixed element types, and single-element and empty tuples.

Discover how to find a tuple’s length in python using the Len function, with examples like days (seven elements), site (five elements), and an empty tuple.

Learn to access individual elements in a tuple by index using square brackets, with zero-based positive and negative indices from the end, and remember tuples are immutable.

Learn to access tuple elements by index and extract parts with the slice operator. Master start and end indices, including negative indexing, and save sliced tuples for later use.

Demonstrates slicing tuples with start, end, and step values, including positive and negative steps, to extract elements and even reverse a tuple order.

Learn to concatenate tuples with the plus operator, create new combined tuples, print them, and update them using plus equals; handle single-element tuples with a trailing comma.

Use the asterisk replication operator to replicate tuple elements in Python, creating larger tuples such as twenty zeros while ensuring the original tuple remains unchanged.

Learn to traverse tuples in Python using a for loop, retrieving and printing each element with a loop variable, and displaying elements on separate lines.

Explore using the in and not in membership operators to test single elements in tuples, note case sensitivity, and print results with if-else.

Master how to find an element's position in a tuple using the index method, which returns the first occurrence and raises an error if the element is absent.

Master counting occurrences of an element in a tuple with Python's count method, using examples for strings, numbers, and case sensitivity.

Learn how to sort tuple elements using the sorted function, creating a new sorted tuple without altering the original, with ascending and descending options and type considerations.

Learn to reverse a tuple’s elements using the slice operator with a negative step and the reversed function, creating a new reversed tuple while preserving the original.

Learn how to unpack tuples by assigning their elements to individual variables, compare single tuple unpacking with multiple assignments, and ensure variable counts match the tuple elements.

Use the min function to find the smallest element in a tuple, whether numbers or strings in alphabetical order, and note it fails with mixed types.

Learn to use Python's max function to find the largest element in a tuple, whether numbers or strings ordered alphabetically, and why mixed types trigger errors.

Learn to use Python's sum function to add all numbers in a numerical tuple (works only on numbers), and compute the average by dividing the sum by len(tuple).

Convert Python tuples to lists to modify elements; use the list function to transform an immutable site tuple into a mutable site list, then print both.

Convert lists to tuples to switch from mutable to immutable data using the tuple function, with an example converting a list to a tuple and printing the results.

Merge two tuples with the zip function to pair elements from users and ages, producing a data tuple of (name, age) pairs and displaying the results.

Delete a tuple with the del statement to remove the entire tuple and free memory, while understanding that tuples are immutable and cannot delete individual elements.

Explore sets in Python, a mutable, unordered collection with unique elements defined by curly braces, supporting add and remove and operations like union, intersection, difference.

Create and view Python sets using curly braces, lists, tuples, and strings. Understand unordered storage, uniqueness, and how duplicates vanish in sets.

Learn how to determine the length of a set using the Len function, count unique elements even with duplicates, and handle empty sets.

Learn to traverse sets by looping over elements using a for loop, displaying each element while noting that sets are unordered and iteration order varies.

Use the in and not in membership operators to determine if elements exist in a set, demonstrated with an employees set and examples Adam, Alice, and case sensitivity.

Use the add method to dynamically modify a set by inserting a single element, demonstrating that sets are mutable and do not create new sets or add duplicate elements.

Use the update method, which takes a single argument, to add elements to a set from another set or a list. The method mutates the original set and avoids duplicates.

Understand how the remove method deletes a single element from a set, does not create a new set, mutates the original, and raises an error if the element is absent.

Learn how to remove elements from a set using discard, compare it with remove, and see how discard safely handles missing elements without errors while modifying the original set.

Master the pop method: it removes and returns the first element from a set without arguments, mutating the original set; sets are unordered and may raise errors when empty.

Explore the union operation on Python sets by using the set union method and the pipe operator to combine manager and salesman into an employee set while preserving originals.

Explore the intersection operation between sets, using the intersection method and the and operator to return a new set of elements common to MBA and manager.

Explore performing set intersections in Python with the intersection_update method and the and equals operator, updating the managers set in place using the MBA set, producing Bob and Jack.

Master Python set difference by using the difference method or minus operator to obtain elements in MBA but not in managers, without altering the original MBA set.

Learn how the difference_update method updates a set to remove elements from another set, compare with the minus-equals operator, and see MBA set updated to remove Mark, John, and Eric.

Explore the symmetric difference of two sets using the symmetric_difference method or the caret operator, and print the resulting elements that belong to exactly one set.

Mutate the first set in place by applying the symmetric difference update method to two sets, producing elements in either set but not both, without returning a new set.

Learn how to perform subset checks in Python sets using the issubset() method and the < and <= operators, with MBA and manager sets.

Explore how to determine if one set is a superset of another using the superset method and the > and >= operators, with practical examples.

Learn how to use the isdisjoint method to test if two sets have no common elements, with examples comparing manager, salesman, and MBA sets.

Find the smallest element in a ratings set with the min function, such as 1.5. Recognize that the set contains unique elements, so duplicates are removed when displayed.

Use the max function to find the largest element in a set, demonstrated on a rating set with unique elements, and print the result, showing five as the maximum.

Use the sum function to compute the total of a numerical set's elements, noting that sets store unique elements and duplicates are ignored.

Copy a set with the set copy method to create a shallow copy. Modifying the copy won’t affect the original, as shown by manager and employee sets with John added.

Use the set clear method to remove all elements from a set without deleting the set object. Printing shows an empty set, denoted by set().

Learn how to remove duplicate elements from a Python list by converting it to a set to store unique elements, then back to a list.

Explore the dictionary data type in Python, a built-in mapping of key-value pairs in curly brackets, where keys are unique and immutable, values are mutable, and access occurs via keys.

Learn how to create dictionaries in python using curly brackets, define key value pairs, ensure keys are unique, and print dictionary contents with examples like product, weather, and users.

Learn how to create dictionaries in Python with the dict function, assign key value pairs, and print the product and weather examples.

Create dictionaries from a list of tuples using the dict function, including a product dictionary with id, name, and price; build weather and users dictionaries from the data list.

Learn to create dictionaries from tuples using the dict function, converting nested tuples into product, weather, and users dictionaries with key-value pairs.

Create dictionaries efficiently by pairing keys and values with dict and zip, then build product, weather, and user dictionaries from data lists.

Create dictionaries from a list of keys using dict.fromkeys, which assigns none to each key by default, or a chosen value such as 'na', demonstrated with product and users examples.

Learn how to create empty dictionaries and dynamically assign key-value pairs in Python, making dictionaries mutable with examples like product and users.

Learn to determine the length of a dictionary using the Len function to count key-value pairs, with examples like product, weather, and user dictionaries, including an empty dictionary, and print.

Learn how to access dictionary values using keys in Python, including handling unordered collections, key errors, and case sensitivity with practical examples like product dictionary, weather dictionary, and users dictionary.

Explore how to access dictionary values with the get method, handle missing keys without errors, and provide a default message for absent keys in product and weather examples.

Learn how to access all keys and values in dictionaries using the keys and values methods, convert results to lists, and display dictionary contents with practical examples.

Access dictionary items with the items method to obtain all key-value pairs as tuples, convert to a list, and display dictionary contents for products and users.

Discover how dictionaries are mutable and how to add new key value pairs after creation by assigning values in square brackets, illustrated with product and users examples.

Modify dictionary values in Python by using keys, demonstrating mutability with a product price update to 1499.99 and a user name change, including adding new keys when missing.

Traverse a dictionary by iterating over its keys with a for loop. Retrieve and display the keys from a weather dictionary that maps days to temperatures.

Traverse a dictionary using a for loop to retrieve all keys and their corresponding values, as shown with a weather dictionary and printing each key value pair.

Explore how to traverse dictionary key-value pairs using the items method in Python, looping with two variables k and v and printing each pair from a weather dictionary.

Learn how to use the in and not in membership operators to check for keys and values in dictionaries, including case sensitivity and the values method.

Get hands-on with updating dictionaries via the update method. It replaces existing key values and adds new key-value pairs when keys are not present.

Use the del statement to remove key-value pairs from dictionaries, such as memory: 256 and 104: John, and understand error handling when a key is absent.

Explore removing key-value pairs from dictionaries with pop, which returns the removed value and can use a default to avoid errors when a key is missing.

Explore removing the last key-value pair from a dictionary using the pop item method, which returns the removed pair as a tuple and updates dictionaries like product and users.

Learn to sort dictionary keys with the sorted function and traverse them to display key-value pairs in sorted order. Note that the sorted function returns only keys, not values.

Use the min function to find the smallest key in a users dictionary and then print its value, as shown with 101 and Alice.

Use the max function to identify the largest key in a dictionary and then access its value, as shown with key 108 and value mark.

Copy dictionaries in Python with the copy method to create a shallow copy of key value pairs, enabling edits on the copy without altering the original.

Use the dictionary's clear method to remove all key-value pairs from a dictionary without deleting the dictionary object; print before and after to see the empty dictionary.