Principles of Psychology

Explore how trauma shapes behavior and post-trauma phobias through principles of psychology, linking brain, neurons, endocrine glands, and sensation, perception, and cognitive-behavioral factors.

Explore the biological foundation of psychology, including psychobiology and biological psychology, and examine how brain processes, neurotransmitters, and physiological factors shape behavior, emotions, and thoughts.

Biopsychology provides a scientific, objective view through controlled lab experiments and reliable findings, with strong treatment relevance, but it overlooks environmental and socio-cultural factors, childhood experiences, and emotions.

Discover how brain lateralization shapes behavior through the left and right hemispheres, their interdependence via the corpus callosum, and how language control and handedness influence task dominance.

Explain how to overcome hemisphere dominance by developing the less dominant hemisphere through awareness of hemispheric modes, monitoring dominance during tasks, and adopting attitude and lifestyle changes for better communication.

Explore how sensation transmits information to brain via sensory receptors in the nose, eyes, ears, mouth, and skin. Sensation and perception are related yet distinct, with inputs becoming neural impulses.

Describe how perception arises from the brain’s interpretation of sensation, shaped by memory, learning, and past experiences, including the five senses, vestibular senses, synesthesia, and the differential threshold.

Describe how sensory receptors convert energy into neural impulses and how neural signals reaching the cerebral cortex enable sensation and perceptual processing.

Explore the sensory absolute threshold and related thresholds—recognition, differential, and terminal—alongside factors like sensory adaptation, sensitisation, and cognitive influences on perception.

Explain sensation and the sensory organs, detailing how vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch rely on eye, ear, mouth, nose, and skin, and how memory and emotion shape perception.

Understand perception as the brain and CNS interpreting sensory information via transduction, neurotransmitters, bottom-up and top-down processing, and selective attention shaped by experience.

Explore the stages of perception—from exposure to interpretation—through selection, organization, and interpretation, and examine how stimuli are attended to and organized by perceptual schemas.

Explore selective attention and related processes—selective retention, perception, and exposure—and how emotions, beliefs, and context shape what we notice, remember, and expose ourselves to.

Explore how perceptual expectancy shapes what we see based on past experiences, biology, and culture, and how illusions reveal limits of perception and brain processing.

Explore optical, auditory, tactile, and smell-and-taste illusions, with examples like the moon illusion and shepherd tone, and examine how expectations shape perception.

Explore perceptual constancy and its three types: shape constancy, size constancy, and color constancy, showing how familiar objects remain stable despite changing retinal images and lighting.