Fundamentals Of Physics

In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.

Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure. Various units are used to express pressure.

In a solid, molecules are packed together, and it keeps its shape. Liquids take the shape of the container. Gases spread out to fill the container. Solid is one of the three main states of matter, along with liquid and gas.

The liquid state of matter is an intermediate phase between solid and gas. Like the particles of a solid, particles in a liquid are subject to inter-molecular attraction; however, liquid particles have more space between them, so they are not fixed in position.

Work is done when a force produces motion. And for doing work energy is required. This energy we get from the food which we eat and if work is done by machine, then energy is supplied by fuels or by electricity.

Newton's law of universal gravitation is usually stated as that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

In physics, gravitational acceleration is the free fall acceleration of an object in vacuum without any drag. This is the steady gain in speed caused exclusively by the force of gravitational attraction.

Kepler's three laws of planetary motion can be stated as follows:

1. All planets move about the Sun in elliptical orbits, having the Sun as one of the foci.

2. A radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time.

A satellite is an object in space that orbits or circles around a bigger object. There are two kinds of satellites: natural (such as the moon orbiting the Earth) or artificial (such as the International Space Station orbiting the Earth).

In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.

The usual means of measuring temperature is a thermometer. It measures the degree or intensity of heat and usually consists of a glass tube with a bulb at the lower portion of the tube that contains mercury, colored alcohol, or a volatile liquid.

An instrument for measuring and indicating temperature, typically one consisting of a narrow, hermetically sealed glass tube marked with graduations and having at one end a bulb containing mercury or alcohol which extends along the tube as it expands.

Heat is a form of energy. It flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower temperature. Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance. Heat gets transferred by the processes of conduction, convection and radiation.

Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. ... Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy of particles through the boundary between two systems.

The laws of thermodynamics define physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems at thermodynamic equilibrium.

The different types of waves are: mechanical, electromagnetic, and matter waves. Mechanical waves are divided into transverse and longitudinal waves.

There are many properties that scientists use to describe waves. They include amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, speed, and phase. Each of these properties is described in more detail below. When drawing a wave or looking at a wave on a graph, we draw the wave as a snapshot in time.

Sound waves are mechanical vibrations that propagate in a host medium.

Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation within the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by the human eye.

Reflection is when light bounces off an object. If the surface is smooth and shiny, like glass, water or polished metal, the light will reflect at the same angle as it hit the surface.

Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different. The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray toward the normal to the boundary between the two media.

Sometimes when the moon orbits Earth, it moves between the sun and Earth. When this happens, the moon blocks the light of the sun from reaching Earth. This causes an eclipse of the sun, or solar eclipse. During a solar eclipse, the moon casts a shadow onto Earth. And when Sun, Earth and Moon are in a same line such that "Earth casts shadow on Moon", it is called a Lunar Eclipse.

A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a multicoloured circular arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the sun.

The 'colour' of an object is the wavelengths of light that it reflects. This is determined by the arrangement of electrons in the atoms of that substance that will absorb and re-emit photons of particular energies

Please find the notes of the whole course attached herewith.

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