Learn Python Theory for PCEP

In this lesson, we will explore the core concepts of how Python programs function. Understanding these basics is essential for building any program, regardless of complexity.

We will cover:

• What is a Program?

• How computers follow instructions.

• Syntax and encoding in programming.

• Python's execution process.

• Versatility, usage, and typing.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to explain program execution, define language basics, differentiate compilation and interpretation in Python, and summarize Python's features and applications.

In this lesson, we will explore how to display information in Python using the print() function. Understanding output is essential for debugging, displaying results, and interacting with users.

We will cover:

• The basics of the print() function

• Printing multiple values using separators (sep) and end characters (end)

• Formatting output for better readability

• Escape sequences for special characters

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to control and format output efficiently in Python programs.

In this lesson, we will learn how to take user input in Python, allowing our programs to interact dynamically with users. Understanding input handling is essential for creating interactive applications.

We will cover:

Using the input() function to receive user input

Converting input data types (e.g., strings to integers)

Handling multiple inputs

Best practices for user input validation

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to write programs that accept and process user input effectively.

In this lesson, we will explore variables in Python, which are used to store and manage data in a program. Understanding how variables work is fundamental to writing efficient and organized code.

We will cover:

• What variables are and how they store data

• Naming rules and best practices for variables

• Assigning values to variables

• Dynamic typing in Python

• Multiple assignments and swapping values

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to declare and use variables effectively to store and manipulate different types of data in Python programs.

In this lesson, we will explore numerical operators in Python, which are used to perform mathematical calculations. Understanding these operators is essential for working with numbers and performing arithmetic operations in Python.

We will cover:

• Basic arithmetic operators: addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and division (/)

• Floor division (//), modulus (%), and exponentiation (**)

• Operator precedence and the order of operations

• Using numerical operators in expressions

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to perform arithmetic operations in Python and understand how different numerical operators interact in calculations.

In this lesson, we will explore bitwise operators in Python, which allow operations at the binary level. These operators are essential when working with low-level programming, binary data manipulation, and performance optimization.

We will cover:

• Bitwise AND (&) – Performs a logical AND operation on corresponding bits.

• Bitwise OR (|) – Performs a logical OR operation on corresponding bits.

• Bitwise XOR (^) – Performs a logical exclusive OR operation.

• Bitwise NOT (~) – Inverts all bits.

• Left Shift (<<) – Shifts bits to the left, effectively multiplying by powers of 2.

• Right Shift (>>) – Shifts bits to the right, effectively dividing by powers of 2.

By the end of this lesson, you will understand how bitwise operations work and how to apply them in Python programs.

In this lesson, we will explore control flow in Python, which allows programs to make decisions and execute code conditionally. Control flow structures are essential for writing dynamic and flexible programs.

We will cover:

• The if statement – Executes code when a condition is met.

• The else statement – Provides an alternative block of code if the condition is not met.

• The elif statement – Allows multiple conditions to be checked sequentially.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to control the execution of your Python programs using conditional statements.

In this lesson, we will explore logical operators in Python, which are used to combine multiple conditions and control the flow of decision-making in programs.

We will cover:

• The and operator – Returns True if both conditions are True.

• The or operator – Returns True if at least one condition is True.

• The not operator – Reverses the boolean value of a condition.

By the end of this lesson, you will understand how to use logical operators to build complex conditions in Python programs.

In this lesson, we will explore loops in Python, which allow us to execute a block of code multiple times. Loops are essential for automating repetitive tasks and processing collections of data efficiently.

We will cover:

• The for loop – Used for iterating over sequences like lists, tuples, and strings.

• The while loop – Executes a block of code as long as a condition remains True.

• The range() function – Helps generate sequences of numbers for use in loops.

• Loop control statements – break, continue, and pass to manage loop execution.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to use loops effectively to automate tasks and iterate over data in Python.

In this lesson, we will explore strings in Python, which are used to store and manipulate text. Since strings are a collection of characters, they support various operations similar to other sequences in Python.

We will cover:

• What is a string? – Understanding how strings are defined and stored.

• String creation and different quotation marks – Single (' '), double (" "), and triple (''' ''' or """ """).

• Accessing characters in a string – Using indexing and slicing.

• String operations – Concatenation, repetition, and membership checks.

• String methods – Built-in functions like .upper(), .lower(), .strip(), and more.

• Mutable vs. Immutable types – Why strings cannot be changed after creation.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to create, manipulate, and format strings effectively in Python.

In this lesson, we will explore lists, tuples, and sets, which are essential collection types in Python. These structures allow us to store and manage multiple values efficiently.

We will cover:

• Lists – Ordered, mutable collections that allow duplicate elements.

• Tuples – Ordered, immutable collections that allow duplicate elements.

• Sets – Unordered, mutable collections that do not allow duplicate elements.

• Accessing elements – Indexing and slicing in lists and tuples.

• Common operations – Adding, removing, and modifying elements.

By the end of this lesson, you will understand the differences between these collection types and how to use them effectively in Python programs.

In this lesson, we will explore dictionaries in Python, which are powerful data structures used to store key-value pairs. Dictionaries allow for efficient data retrieval and modification, making them essential for many programming tasks.

We will cover:

• What dictionaries are – Unordered, mutable collections that store data as key-value pairs.

• Creating dictionaries – Using curly braces {} or the dict() function.

• Accessing values – Retrieving data using keys.

• Modifying dictionaries – Adding, updating, and deleting key-value pairs.

• Dictionary methods – Common operations like .keys(), .values(), .items(), and .get().

• When to use dictionaries – Comparing them with lists, tuples, and sets.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to create and manipulate dictionaries efficiently, making your programs more structured and optimized for quick lookups.

In this lesson, we will explore exceptions in Python, which are errors that occur during program execution. Understanding how to handle exceptions properly allows for more robust and error-resistant programs.

We will cover:

• What exceptions are – Errors that interrupt the normal flow of a program.

• Common built-in exceptions – Examples like ZeroDivisionError, TypeError, ValueError, and IndexError.

• The try and except block – Handling errors gracefully without crashing the program.

• The else and finally blocks – Executing code based on whether an exception occurs or not.

• Raising exceptions manually – Using the raise keyword for custom error handling.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to identify, handle, and raise exceptions in Python, ensuring your programs run smoothly even when unexpected errors occur.

In this lesson, we will explore functions in Python, which allow us to organize code into reusable blocks. Functions help improve code readability, modularity, and efficiency.

We will cover:

• Defining and calling functions – Creating reusable code blocks with the def keyword.

• The return keyword – Returning values from functions.

• The None keyword – Understanding functions that do not return a value.

• Recursion – A function calling itself for problem-solving.

• Function parameters and arguments – Understanding positional, keyword, and mixed arguments.

• Default parameter values – Providing optional values for parameters.

• Scope and variable visibility – Exploring local and global variables, name hiding (shadowing), and the global keyword.

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to define and use functions effectively, organize your code into reusable components, and manage function interactions with their environment.