Inorganic Chemistry - The d & f Block Elements

Name: Inorganic Chemistry - The d & f Block Elements
Rating: 4.9 (4 reviews)

Complete Chemistry for Engg and Medical Entrance Exam Preparation. ( IIT JEE Main | Advanced | BITSAT | SAT | NEET etc.)

Created bystudi live

Last updated 3/2022

English

English [Auto],

What you'll learn

Learn the positions of the d– and f-block elements in the periodic table
Know the electronic configurations of the transition (d-block) and the inner transition (f-block) elements
Appreciate the relative stability of various oxidation states in terms of electrode potential values
Describe the preparation, properties, structures and uses of some important compounds such as K2Cr 2O7 and KMnO4
Understand the general characteristics of the d– and f–block elements and the general horizontal and group trends in them
Describe the properties of the f-block elements and give a comparative account of the lanthanoids and actinoids with respect to their electronic configurations

Course content

1 section • 43 lectures • 7h 31m total length

Electronic Configuration of 3d Series Elements12:07
Explore the electronic configuration of the 3d series—from Scandium to Zinc—comparing expected and observed configurations and explaining Chromium and Copper deviations toward stable half filled or fully filled subshells.
Electronic Configuration of 4d Series Elements13:14
Explore the electronic configuration of the 4d series d-block elements, focusing on expected vs observed configurations and how half-filled or fully filled subshell stability shapes deviations.
Electronic Configuration of 5d Series Elements12:36
Explore the electronic configuration of the 5d series elements, comparing observed and expected configurations, and noting stability of full and half-filled subshells with platinum and gold as key examples.
Electronic Configuration of 6d Series Elements9:41
Explore the electronic configuration of the 6d series elements, including how f-block elements influence the filling order, noble gas configuration, and the step-by-step d and f orbital filling.
General Properties of d-Block Elements4:11
Explore the general properties of the d-block elements, including high density, small radii, colored ions, stable complexes, and paramagnetic as well as ferromagnetic behaviors.
Metallic Character4:22
Explore the metallic character of transition elements, noting malleability, tensile strength, and good conductivity, with Mercury as an exception, and explain how inner and outer electrons drive metallic bonding.
Melting and Boiling Point6:22
Explore why melting and boiling points rise in d and f block elements due to metallic bonding and unpaired electrons, with left-to-right trends and graph illustrations.
Atomic Radius10:26
Explore the atomic radius of transition elements, which decreases left to right due to rising nuclear charge and poor shielding, with 3d and 5d trends, zinc anomaly, and lanthanide contraction.
Standard Electrode Potentials13:13
Analyze standard electrode potentials (E0) to compare reactivity and reducing power of d and f block elements, using copper, chromium, and manganese as examples and noting irregular values.
Ionisation Enthalpy13:54
Examine the ionization enthalpy of transition metals, highlighting irregular trends in the 3d block and explaining anomalies like chromium and copper due to stable electron configurations.
Variable Valency or Oxidation States of d-Block Elements18:53
Explore the variable valency of d-block elements by linking oxidation states to electronic configuration and n-1 electron participation, with examples from scandium to zinc.
Magnetic Property8:52
Examine the magnetic properties of f-block lanthanide elements, linking unpaired electrons and oxidation states +2 and +3 to paramagnetism at room temperature and ferromagnetism at low temperatures.
Colour Properties of Transition Elements13:42
Explain why transition elements show color through d-d transitions, crystal field splitting by ligands, and how geometry and unpaired electrons determine color, with charge-transfer exceptions.
Ferric Chloride11:43
Explore ferric chloride’s preparation, hydration versus anhydrous forms, and hydrolysis to acidic solutions; note its dimerization to Fe2Cl6 at around 300 C and its blue color complex with reagents.
Ferric Oxide6:01
Explore ferric oxide, hematite—the red iron oxide with +3 oxidation state—and its water insolubility, acid-base reactivity, Bosch process catalysis, and reduction to iron by hydrogen, carbon, or carbon monoxide.
Green Vitriol12:56
Learn about green vitriol (ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO4·7H2O): its green hydrate form, color change to brown on air exposure, dehydration to anhydrous salt, and key preparation and reducing properties.
Blue Vitriol12:22
Explore blue vitriol, copper sulfate pentahydrate, its hydration and dehydration, color changes on heating, and its key preparation methods and reactions with aldehydes and cyanide.
Catalyst7:39
learn how transition metals catalyze via unstable intermediate complexes and variable oxidation states, with homogeneous vs heterogeneous catalysts, and examples: iron for Haber process, nickel for oil hydrogenation, palladium.
Interstitial Compounds9:18
Explore how small atoms occupy interstitial sites in transition metals to form interstitial compounds, such as carbon in iron, and note properties like density, melting point, and occlusion phenomena.
Alloy Formation6:06
Explore how transition metals form alloys through solid solutions and substitution, driven by low reactivity and similar atomic radii, with examples like manganese steel, brass, bronze, and gunmetal.
Nature of Oxides and Hydroxides of 3d Series15:40
Explains the nature of oxides and hydroxides of 3d elements, showing how oxidation state governs basic, acidic, and empathic behavior and reducing power from scandium to zinc.
Methods of Preparation of Potassium Dichromate7:32
Concentrate chromite ore, roast it in oxygen at high temperature to form sodium chromate, acidify with sulfuric acid to sodium dichromate, then convert to potassium dichromate, the orange-red color.
Structures of Chromate and Dichromate Ions6:16
Interconversion of Potassium Chromate and Potassium Dichromate9:27
Explore the interconversion of potassium chromate and potassium dichromate via the chromate-dichromate equilibrium, noting yellow chromate and orange dichromate colors and how acid or base shifts the balance.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Potassium Dichromate16:18
Explore the physical and chemical properties of potassium dichromate, including orange red crystals, temperature- and base-dependent solubility, and its oxidizing role in acidic media.
Methods of Preparation of Potassium Permanganate14:33
Learn three methods to prepare potassium permanganate: direct synthesis with sulfuric acid, a conversion method using oxidizing agents in alkaline media, and an industrial electrolysis route.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Potassium Permanganate10:19
Examine the physical and chemical properties of potassium permanganate, including solubility, color changes in solution, and oxidation behavior when heated or treated with sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, or gunpowder.
Oxidising Nature of Potassium Permanganate11:57
Examine the oxidizing nature of potassium permanganate across basic, neutral, and acidic media, noting manganese oxidation states and the corresponding equivalent weights.
Silver Nitrate8:32
Discover the preparation and properties of silver nitrate (AgNO3), an ionic compound formed from Ag+ and NO3−, and its reactions, including the formation of AgCl with NaCl.
Mercury (II) Iodide8:18
Explain mercuric iodide formation and properties, including its ionic bonding, preparation, and red and yellow forms with stability around 400 °C, and discuss iodide complex formation and Nessler's reagent detection.
Halides of 3d Series of Transition Elements9:41
Analyze halides of the 3d transition elements, highlighting reactivity trends, highest oxidation states with fluorine, ionic character, and the direct formation of metal halides.
The Inner Transition Elements (f Block)10:26
Explore the f block elements, inner transition elements defined by the last electron entering an f orbital, and note lanthanum and actinium as examples outside the f block.
Electronic Configuration of Lanthanides13:37
Explore the electronic configuration of lanthanides and the f-block, compare expected and observed configurations, and explain deviations arising from half-filled and fully filled configurations.
Electronic Configuration of Actinides17:19
Explore the electronic configuration of actinides, comparing expected and observed arrangements in the f-block, and explain why half-filled and fully filled subshells influence stability.
Lanthanides Contraction8:26
Explore how the lanthanide contraction shortens atomic and ionic radii across the lanthanide series, driven by increasing nuclear charge and poor shielding by 4f electrons, with common oxidation state +3.
Magnetic Properties12:30
Explore how unpaired electrons drive magnetic properties in the d and f block elements and calculate magnetic moments with μ_eff = sqrt(n(n+2)), where n is the number of unpaired electrons.
Colour Property8:49
Explore why d and f block ions show color, focusing on unpaired electrons, oxidation states such as +3, visible-light absorption via f-f transitions, and the 14-n shortcut to predict color.
Reactivity of Lanthanides12:45
Investigate the reactivity of lanthanides, highlighting their low charge density and limited complex formation, with notable examples like EDTA complexes and blue ammonia solutions in the +2 state.
Application of Lanthanides7:38
Explore how cerium, lanthanum, and neodymium strengthen alloys, enable high-temperature crucibles around 2000 degrees Celsius, and support petroleum refining, phosphorescent compounds, night vision, glass, and leather industry applications.
Oxidation State of Actinide10:30
Explore oxidation states of actinides, emphasizing uranium, neptunium, and plutonium. Link electronic configuration and energy differences to stable and variable states, including up to +6 and unstable +7.
Actinide Contraction7:36
Analyze actinide contraction: rising atomic number and f-orbital electron addition shrink ionic radii, with nuclear charge and shielding driving extended contraction across actinide elements.
Similarities between Lanthanides & Actinides7:34
Distinguish between Lanthanides & Actinides8:33
Distinguish lanthanides and actinides by oxidation states and complex formation; lanthanides mainly +3, forming complexes, while actinides show +3 to +6, are more basic, form stable complexes, and are radioactive.

Requirements

Basic understanding of chemistry and math's

Description

SUMMARY

The d-block consisting of Groups 3-12 occupies the large middle section of the periodic table. In these elements the inner d orbitals are progressively filled. The f-block is placed outside at the bottom of the periodic table and in the elements of this block, 4f and 5f orbitals are progressively filled.

Corresponding to the filling of 3d, 4d and 5d orbitals, three series of transition elements are well recognised. All the transition elements exhibit typical metallic properties such as –high tensile strength, ductility, malleability, thermal and electrical conductivity and metallic character. Their melting and boiling points are high which are attributed to the involvement of (n –1) d electrons resulting into strong interatomic bonding. In many of these properties, the maxima occur at about the middle of each series which indicates that one unpaired electron per d orbital is particularly a favourable configuration for strong interatomic interaction.

Successive ionisation enthalpies do not increase as steeply as in the main group elements with increasing atomic number. Hence, the loss of variable number of electrons from (n –1)d orbitals is not energetically unfavourable. The involvement of (n–1) d electrons in the behaviour of transition elements impart certain distinct characteristics to these elements. Thus, in addition to variable oxidation states, they exhibit paramagnetic behaviour, catalytic properties and tendency for the formation of coloured ions, interstitial compounds and complexes.

The transition elements vary widely in their chemical behaviour. Many of them are sufficiently electropositive to dissolve in mineral acids, although a few are ‘noble’. Of the first series, with the exception of copper, all the metals are relatively reactive.

The transition metals react with a number of non-metals like oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogens to form binary compounds. The first series transition metal oxides are generally formed from the reaction of metals with oxygen at high temperatures. These oxides dissolve in acids and bases to form oxometallic salts. Potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate are common examples. Potassium dichromate is prepared from the chromite ore by fusion with alkali in presence of air and acidifying the extract. Pyrolusite ore (MnO2 ) is used for the preparation of potassium permanganate. Both the dichromate and the permanganate ions are strong oxidising agents.

The two series of inner transition elements, lanthanoids and actinoids constitute the f-block of the periodic table. With the successive filling of the inner orbitals, 4f, there is a gradual decrease in the atomic and ionic sizes of these metals along the series (lanthanoid contraction). This has far reaching consequences in the chemistry of the elements succeeding them. Lanthanum and all the lanthanoids are rather soft white metals. They react easily with water to give solutions giving +3 ions. The principal oxidation state is +3, although +4 and +2 oxidation states are also exhibited by some occasionally. The chemistry of the actinoids is more complex in view of their ability to exist in different oxidation states. Furthermore, many of the actinoid elements are radioactive which make the study of these elements rather difficult.

There are many useful applications of the d- and f-block elements and their compounds, notable among them being in varieties of steels, catalysts, complexes, organic syntheses, etc.

Who this course is for:

Parents whose wards are students preparing for Indian Engineering and Medical Entrance Exams
IIT JEE | JEE Main | JEE Advanced | BITSAT | NEET | AIPMT | KVPY | SAT | GATE | MSAT