Organic Chemistry - Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Complete Chemistry for Engg and Medical Entrance Exam Preparation. ( IIT JEE Main | Advanced | BITSAT | SAT | NEET etc.)

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Last updated 3/2022

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What you'll learn

Name haloalkanes and haloarenes according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature from their given structures
Describe the reactions involved in the preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes and understand various reactions that they undergo
Correlate the structures of haloalkanes and haloarenes with various types of reactions
Use stereochemistry as a tool for understanding the reaction mechanism
Appreciate the applications of organo-metallic compounds
Highlight the environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds

Course content

1 section • 53 lectures • 8h 35m total length

Introduction17:28
Classification of Halogen Derivatives9:17
Classification of Monohalogen Derivatives of Alkanes13:17
Classification of Monohalogen Derivatives of Alkanes (Part II)7:24
Classify mono halogen derivatives of alkanes by carbon hybridization, highlighting sp2 aryl halides and sp alkynyl halides, with benzyl halide and aryl halide examples and primary secondary tertiary context.
Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides11:02
Nomenclature of Poly Halogen Derivatives of Alkane10:34
Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives (Cyclic) - Part - 18:17
Nomenclature of Halogen Derivatives (Cyclic) - Part - 28:05
Haloarenes (Classification & Nomenclature)9:48
Haloarenes (Nomenclature)12:21
Explore the nomenclature of haloarenes, comparing common names with UPC/IUPAC naming, including ortho, meta, and para positions and symmetry considerations.
Nature of C-X Bond in Haloarenes8:52
Methods of Preparation13:04
Explain methods to prepare haloalkanes from alcohols, detailing primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols reacting with thionyl chloride under heat (or with catalysts) to form alkyl chlorides, with water as byproduct.
Methods of Preparation (Part II)16:49
Methods of Preparation (Part III)9:49
Explore the chlorination of alkanes under UV light, where chlorine substitutes hydrogen in a free radical mechanism to yield chloromethane, methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride.
Haloarenes (Methods of Preparation)9:42
Haloarenes (Methods of Preparation Sandmeyer's Reaction)8:20
Methods of Preparation (From Alkene)9:17
Markovnikov's Rule7:07
Mechanism of Markovnikov's Rule12:42
Anti Markovnikov's Rule5:37
Mechanism of Anti-Markovnikov's Rule14:50
Methods of Preparation of Dihalides (Vicinal Halides)7:18
Methods of Preparation of Dihalides (Geminal Halides)6:32
Chemical Properties (Dihalides) Part - 18:18
Chemical Properties (Dihalides) Part - 212:10
Methods of Preparation (From Halogen Exchange)8:05
Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction7:11
Chemical Properties of Alkyl Halides (Aq. Alkali)8:54
Chemical Properties of Alkyl Halides (Williamson's Synthesis)9:29
Chemical Properties of Alkyl Halides (KCN & AgCN)6:09
Learn how alkyl halides react with kcn or agcn in alcoholic solvent to form alkyl nitriles via substitution, with examples like methyl chloride becoming methyl cyanide.
Chemical Properties of Alkyl Halides (Ammonia)8:51
Chemical Properties of Alkyl Halides (Silver Carboxylate & Nitro Group)11:12
Preparation of Alkyl Halides (Pnemonic)6:51
SN2 Reaction Part - 111:11
Explore the SN2 mechanism in haloalkanes, illustrated by alkaline hydrolysis of methyl bromide, showing a concerted, single-step substitution where the nucleophile attacks as the C-Br bond breaks.
SN2 Reaction Part - 28:49
This lecture explains the SN2 mechanism: backside nucleophile attack, concerted bond breaking and forming, formation of the transition state, and 100 percent inversion of configuration.
SN2 Reaction (Energy Profile Diagram)11:15
SN1 Reaction Part - 19:29
The lecture presents the SN1 mechanism as a two-step process: carbocation formation, then nucleophile attack, highlighting electron-deficient, planar carbocation allowing attack from either side.
SN1 Reaction Part - 26:44
SN1 Reaction (Energy Profile Diagram)6:50
Explain the SN1 energy profile diagram, mapping reactants to a carbocation intermediate and final products through two transition states, highlighting activation energies e1 and e2 and delta H.
Optical Activity9:00
Explore optical activity in halogen derivatives, distinguishing ordinary light, monochromatic light, and plane polarized light. Explain how a Nicol prism, made from calcite, converts light to plane polarized form.
Optical Activity -1 (Explanation)13:02
Chemical Properties of Alkyl Halides (Dehydrohalogenation Part - 1)8:34
Chemical Properties of Alkyl Halides (Dehydrohalogenation Part - 2)8:46
Chemical Properties (Action of Metals)12:18
Chemical Properties (Wurtz Reaction)12:47
Chemical Properties (Reduction and Summary)8:44
Haloarenes (Chemical Properties) Part - 19:14
Haloarenes (Chemical Properties) Part - 211:33
Haloarenes (Chemical Properties) Part - 37:30
Chemical Properties (Haloform)11:40
Methods of Preparation Trihalides9:45
Methods of Preparation (Iodoform)8:21
Preparation of Tetrahalogen Derivatives5:13
Explore the preparation of tetrahalogen derivatives of alkanes, focusing on carbon disulfide–chlorine reactions to give carbon tetrachloride, its water reactions forming phosgene, and its applications.

Requirements

Basic understanding of chemistry and math's

Description

SUMMARY

Alkyl/ Aryl halides may be classified as mono, di, or polyhalogen (tri-, tetra-, etc.) compounds depending on whether they contain one, two or more halogen atoms in their structures. Since halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon, the carbonhalogen bond of alkyl halide is polarised; the carbon atom bears a partial positive charge, and the halogen atom bears a partial negative charge.

Alkyl halides are prepared by the free radical halogenation of alkanes, addition of halogen acids to alkenes, replacement of –OH group of alcohols with halogens using phosphorus halides, thionyl chloride or halogen acids. Aryl halides are prepared by electrophilic substitution to arenes. Fluorides and iodides are best prepared by halogen exchange method.

The boiling points of organohalogen compounds are comparatively higher than the corresponding hydrocarbons because of strong dipole-dipole and van der Waals forces of attraction. These are slightly soluble in water but completely soluble in organic solvents.

The polarity of carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halides is responsible for their nucleophilic substitution, elimination and their reaction with metal atoms to form organometallic compounds. Nucleophilic substitution reactions are categorised into SN1 and SN2 on the basis of their kinetic properties. Chirality has a profound role in understanding the reaction mechanisms of SN1 and SN2 reactions. SN2 reactions of chiral alkyl halides are characterised by the inversion of configuration while SN1 reactions are characterised by racemisation.

A number of polyhalogen compounds e.g., dichloromethane, chloroform, iodoform, carbon tetrachloride, freon and DDT have many industrial applications. However, some of these compounds cannot be easily decomposed and even cause depletion of ozone layer and are proving environmental hazards.

Who this course is for:

Complete Chemistry for Engineering and Medical Entrance Exam Preparation. ( IIT JEE Main | Advanced | BITSAT | SAT | NEET etc.)
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