Organic Chemistry - Bonding And Molecular Structure

The name Organic Chemistry came from the word organism. Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.  Carbon, atomic number 6, is a second-row element.

Atoms are positively charged nucleus containing protons and neutrons with a surrounding cloud of negatively charged electrons.

some atoms of the same element may have different masses because they have different numbers of neutrons.

They called Isotopes. learn more!!!

The most important shell, called the valence shell, is the outermost shell because the electrons of this shell are the ones that an atom uses in making chemical bonds with other atoms to form compounds.

Why Carbon makes four bonds, Hydrogen just one???Nitrogen three and Oxygen two??? 

Every thing explained in this lecture.

What is Molecular Formula?

What is Structural Formula?

In this lecture you will know.

Learn what are isomers and see examples of isomers in this lecture.

You will learn in this lecture the covalent bond, the ionic bond, octet rule and the electromagnetically of atoms.

You will learn how to draw any compound using Lewis structures. A lot of examples are shown here.

Not all compounds following the octet rule, some exceptions that will be covered in this lecture.

In chemistry, a formal charge (FC) is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms.

Learn how to calculate them using many examples mentioned in this lecture.

What is Resonance? What is the deference between resonance and equilibrium? Find this in this lecture.

Resonance structures exist only on paper.  Although they have no real existence of their own.

In this lecture you will learn how to represent the resonance.

In this lecture you will see the pattern trend of atomic orbitals energy.

Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hunds rule.

In chemistry, orbital hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.

In this lecture you will see and understand exactly what is hybridization sp3.

In chemistry, orbital hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.

In this lecture you will see and understand exactly what is hybridization sp2.

In chemistry, orbital hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.

In this lecture you will see and understand exactly what is hybridization sp.

Do you think that the double bond will make axis rotation link single bond?

Know this in this lecture.

In this lecture you will learn the the stereo chemistry of the double bond compounds and you will see the cis and trans isomers.

Learn what is sigma bond and what is bi bond in this lecture.

Know the main principles of Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model supported with a lot examples.

In this lecture we will study:

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes

Alkenes

Alkynes

Aromatic Benzene

What is Polar Covalent Bond?

What is Electromagnetically?

When we can say that this compound is polar or not?

Are Cis and Trans Isomers Polar or Non polar?

Learn all this in this lecture.

You will learn in this lecture the structure of all functional groups in Organic Chemistry.

In this lecture we will study the ionic compounds and the ion forces.

As general rule for solubility is that “like dissolves like” . What this mean?

Why oil is not miscible with water while alcohol is miscible?

Know all this and more in this lecture.

In this lecture we will study in details:

The intermolecular forces, van Der Waals forces:

1. Dipole-dipole forces
2. Hydrogen bonds
3. Dispersion forces

In this lecture we will study the four organic reactions:

1. Substitutions
2. Additions
3. Eliminations
4. Rearrangements

In this lecture we will focus on Homolysis reactions and Heterolysis reactions in Organic Chemistry.

Many of the reactions that occur in organic chemistry are either acid–base reactions themselves or they involve an acid–base reaction at some stage.

Two classes of acid–base reactions are fundamental in organic chemistry

1. Brønsted–Lowry
2. Lewis acid–base reaction

In this lecture you will understand them.

Have you ever heard with:

Carbocations, Carbanions, Electrophiles and Nucleophiles?

Now you will understand them completely.

In this video you will learn the Strength of Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases: Ka, pKa and there relations with the acidity of organic compounds.

How to Predict the Outcome of Acid–Base Reactions?

You will know this in this video.

• What is the relationships between Structure and Acidity?
• Why HI is more acidic than HF?
• Why H2O is more acidic than NH4+?
• Why Alkyne is more acidic than alkane?
• What is Inductive effect? and what its effect on acidity?

You will know all this in this lecture.

Why Acetic Acid is more acidic than Ethanol?

this video will explain this.

In this lecture you will know what is meant by Mechanism for an Organic Reaction with chemical reaction example of tert-alcohol when it reacts with concentrated HCl.

In this lecture we will study:

• The main formulas of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
• The sources of Alkanes
• Petroleum Refining

All carbon atoms in alkanes and cycloalkanes are sp3 hybridized, and they all have a tetrahedral geometry.

Know more about the shape of Alkanes in this lecture.

In this lecture we will study the physical properties of Alkanes and cycloalkanes.

One of the most commonly used nomenclature systems that we use today is based on the system and rules developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).

All about IUPAC is here.

In this lecture we will study the eight rules for giving any branches alkanes its IUPAV naming.

A lot of practiced examples to write IUPAC names for branched  Alkanes

For alkanes with more than two carbon atoms, more than one derived alkyl group is possible. 

In this lecture we will study all of them.

Alkyl Halides are compounds containing F, Cl, Br, I.

How to deal with them?

and what about the following groups?

• NH2 - Amino
• Br - Bromo
• Cl  - Chloro
• CN - Cyano
• I - Iodo
• F - Floro
• NO2  - Nitro

You will know in this lecture how to write IUPAC names for these groups.

In this lecture you will learn how to name Alcohol compounds.

In this lecture we will study IUPAC naming for:

• Cyclo Alkanes
• Two Cyclo Alkanes linked together
• bridged rings

In this lecture we will study the rules for Nomenclature of Alkenes, Alcohols & Cycloalkenes.

Rules for Nomenclature of Alkynes will be studied here.

In this lecture we will practice on 20 examples to know how we can give them the correct IUPAC naming.

In this lecture we will study:

• Conformations and 3D structure
• Sawhorse formula
• Newman formula
• Staggered conformation
• Eclipsed conformation

All the Conformational Analysis of Butane will be studied in this lecture

Cycloalkanes do not have the same relative stability due to ring strain

Know more details here.

The boat conformer of cyclohexane is less stable (higher energy) than the chair, you can know why in this lecture and a lot more.

In this lecture Axial and equatorial in the chair conformation will be explained completely. 

Here disubstituted cycloalkanes Cis-Trans Isomerism will be studied.

In this lecture:

Hydrogenation of Alkenes & Alkynes will be shown with some examples.

Index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD): is the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound under study and an acyclic alkane having the same number of carbons.

In this lecture you will know how to calculate (IHD) for any compound.

Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. The study of stereochemistry focuses on stereoisomers, which by definition have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space, know more about it in this lecture.

In this lecture we will study the isomerism and constitutional isomers with a lot of examples.

In stereochemistry, stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.

In this lecture we will study:

• Stereoisomers
• Enantiomers & Diastereomers
• Geometrical isomers 
• Subdivision of Isomers

Enantiomers occur only with compounds whose molecules are chiral. A chiral molecule is one that is NOT superposable on its mirror image.

know more about Enantiomers and Chiral Molecules in this lecture.

How to Test for Chirality?

In this lecture you will know how to How to Test for Chirality through the  Planes of Symmetry.

how can you name Enantiomers: R, S-System?

How to Assign (R) and (S) Configurations?

There are four rules to Assign (R) and (S) Configurations you will learn them with examples in this lecture.

Enantiomers:

• Have identical physical properties (e.g. melting point, boiling point, refractive index, solubility etc).
• Have the same chemical properties (except reaction/interactions with chiral substances).

In this lecture we will study:

• Plane-Polarized Light
• The Polarimeter
• Specific Rotation

An equimolar mixture of two enantiomers is called a racemic mixture (or racemate or racemic form).

In this lecture we will study:

• Racemic Forms
• Enantiomeric Excess and example

Stereoselective reactions are reactions that lead to a preferential formation of one stereoisomer over other stereoisomers that could possibly be formed, know more in this lecture.

In this lecture we will study Molecules with More than One Chirality Center.

A meso compound or meso isomer is a stereoisomer with an identical or superimposable mirror image.

We will study the meso compounds in this lecture.

What is Fisher Projection?

How we can convert and 3D structure to Fisher Projection?

In this lecture you will learn this.

In this lecture we will study:

• What is Organic Halide?
• Carbon-Halogen Bond Lengths and Bond Strength
• Physical Properties of Organic Halides
• Different Types of Organic Halides

In this lecture we will study:

• Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
• Timing of The Bond Breaking & Bond Making Process

In this lecture we will study Nucleophiles and Leaving Groups with a lot of examples.

In this lecture we will focus on:

• Kinetics of SN2 Reaction
• How Do We Measure the Rate of This Reaction?
• Rate of Reaction Example
• Rate of Reaction Conclusion
• A Mechanism for the SN2 Reaction

Here we will study:

• Transition State Theory
• A Free Energy Diagram for a Hypothetical SN2 Reaction That Takes Place with a Negative DGo
• Temperature, Reaction Rate, and the Equilibrium Constant
• Free Energy Diagram of SN2 Reactions
• The Stereochemistry of SN2 Reactions

In this lecture we will focus on:

• The Reaction of tert-Butyl Chloride with Hydroxide Ion: An SN1 Reaction
• Multi-step Reactions & the Rate- Determining Step
• Rate Determining Step

A Mechanism for the SN1 Reaction will be studeied deeply in this lecture, in addition to that, Free Energy Diagram of SN1 Reactions will be explained.

• What is Carbocations?
• What is The Structure of Carbocations?
• What is the trend in The Relative Stability of Carbocations?

All this will be explained in this lecture.

There are four factors affecting the Rates of SN1 and SN2 Reactions:

1. The structure of the substrate
2. The concentration and reactivity of the nucleophile
3. The effect of the solvent
4. The nature of the leaving group

There are four factors affecting the Rates of SN1 and SN2 Reactions:

1. The structure of the substrate
2. The concentration and reactivity of the nucleophile
3. The effect of the solvent
4. The nature of the leaving group

In this lecture we will study The concentration and reactivity of the nucleophile.

There are four factors affecting the Rates of SN1 and SN2 Reactions:

1. The structure of the substrate
2. The concentration and reactivity of the nucleophile
3. The effect of the solvent
4. The nature of the leaving group

In this lecture we will study The effect of the solvent on SN2 reactions

There are four factors affecting the Rates of SN1 and SN2 Reactions:

1. The structure of the substrate
2. The concentration and reactivity of the nucleophile
3. The effect of the solvent
4. The nature of the leaving group

In this lecture we will study The nature of the leaving group.

In this lecture we will stydy the Organic Synthesis: Functional Group Transformation Using SN2 Reactions with a lot of examples in addition to The Unreactivity of Vinylic and Phenyl Halides.

Here we will focus on:

• Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides.
• The competition between Substitution reaction (SN) and elimination reaction (E).
• Bases Used in Dehydrohalogenation.

In this lecture we will study:

• An E2 Reaction

• Mechanism for an E2 Reaction

• Free Energy Diagram of E2 Reaction

In this lecture we will study:

• An E1 Reaction
• Mechanism for an E1 Reaction
• Free Energy Diagram of E1 Reaction

How To Determine Whether Substitution or Elimination Is Favored?

• SN2 vs. E2
• Base/Nu⊖: Small vs. Bulky
• Basicity vs. Polarizability
• Tertiary Halides: SN1 vs. E1 & E2

Everything will be discussed in this lecture in addition to overall summary to determine when it is expected for reaction to happen and decide if it favors: SN1, SN2, E1 OR E2 reaction.