Oncology: Understanding Cancer Biology, Diagnosis Treatment

Explore lung cancer as a common cancer, its non-small cell and small cell types, major smoking risks, symptoms, and the role of low-dose ct screening for early detection and treatment.

Explore the cancer cell hallmarks, including replicative immortality via telomerase, genome instability, evading growth suppression, sustaining proliferation, and resisting apoptosis.

Explore how cancer cells rewire metabolism, increasing glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) to produce lactate and support biomass and proliferation.

Angiogenesis drives tumor growth and metastasis by forming new blood vessels from preexisting ones, mediated by VEGF signaling to endothelial cells, and inhibitors are used in cancer therapy.

Examine how cancer cells evade immune surveillance by suppressing NLRC5 and upregulating PD-L1, enabling tumor inflammation and immune evasion through PD-1/PD-L1 pathways.

Show how loss of cell-to-cell contact drives epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, enabling invasion and metastasis via angiogenesis and entering the blood vessels, with hallmarks like replicative immortality and genomic instability.

Explore how metastasis drives cancer lethality, covering TNM staging and the seed and soil hypothesis. Describe primary tumors, metastasis steps, and roles of angiogenesis, genome instability, and altered metabolism.

Imaging drives oncology care across six cancer management techniques—prevention, screening, diagnosis, staging, treatment assessment, and monitoring—emphasizing ct scan, plain film, mammography, and ultrasound.

Learn colorectal cancer screening options, including colonoscopy for polyps, sigmoidoscopy for the lower colon, and fecal immunochemical test as a noninvasive option.

Learn how clinicians diagnose liver cancer through medical history, symptom assessment, blood tests (liver function, alpha fetoprotein), imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI), biopsy, and staging.

Explore cancer staging through the TNM system, detailing tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M), stages one to four, imaging, and prognosis guidance.

Diagnose and stage cancer with imaging and biopsy; plan treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy based on tumor size, nodal involvement, and metastasis.

Explore cancer treatment strategies, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted and hormonal therapies, brachytherapy, and stem cell transplants, plus pain management and supportive care.

Discover how clinical trials move cancer therapies from safety testing to efficacy and FDA approval, guiding experimental treatments from phase one to phase three and establishing standard of care.