Ethical Hacking: Network Security & Network Layer Attack

Virtualisation Platforms, VMWare, VirtualBox in ethical hacking
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Lab Architecture Diagram for ethical hackers

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Many hackers use the Linux operating system (OS) because Linux is a free and open-source OS, meaning that anyone can modify it. It’s easy to access and customize all parts of Linux, which allows a hacker more control over manipulating the OS. Linux also features a well-integrated command-line interface, giving users a more precise level of control than many other systems offer. While Linux is considered more secure than many other systems, some hackers can modify existing Linux security distributions to use them as hacking software. Most ethical hackers prefer Linux because it's considered more secure than other operating systems and does not generally require the use of third-party antivirus software. Ethical hackers must be well-versed in Linux to identify loopholes and combat malicious hackers, as it’s one of the most popular systems for web servers.

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Tutorial showing how to create custom NAT networks in VirtualBox.

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Building GNS3 Network, creating GNS3 Network, Installing GNS3
Graphical Network Simulator-3 (shortened to GNS3) is a network software emulator first released in 2008.
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Getting Started with GNS3
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1984. It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform. All these 7 layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one person to another across the globe.

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GNS3 consists of two software components: The GNS3-all-in-one software (GUI) The GNS3 virtual machine (VM)

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Switch: A switch is smarter than a hub. Similar to the hub, it is a connection point for all the devices in the network. ... If the destination address is not available, the switch sends the data packet to all the devices across the network. Router: It is the most intelligent of the three networking devices. Setup hub, setup switch, setup router.

A communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity. The protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods.
What skills do Ethical Hackers need to know?
In addition to proficiency in basic computer skills and use of the command line, ethical hackers must also develop technical skills related to programming, database management systems (DBMS), use of the Linux operating system (OS), cryptography, creation and management of web applications and computer networks like DHCP, NAT, and Subnetting. Becoming an ethical hacker involves learning at least one programming language and having a working knowledge of other common languages like Python, SQL, C++, and C. Ethical hackers must have strong problem-solving skills and the ability to think critically to come up with and test new solutions for securing systems. Ethical hackers should also understand how to use reverse engineering to uncover specifications and check a system for vulnerabilities by analyzing its code.

A reference model—in systems, enterprise, and software engineering—is an abstract framework or domain-specific ontology consisting of an interlinked set of clearly defined concepts produced by an expert or body of experts to encourage clear communication. networking, cybersecurity, cyber security, network security, hacking, wifi hacking, nmap, cryptography
Why do hackers use Linux?
Many hackers use the Linux operating system (OS) because Linux is a free and open-source OS, meaning that anyone can modify it. It’s easy to access and customize all parts of Linux, which allows a hacker more control over manipulating the OS. Linux also features a well-integrated command-line interface, giving users a more precise level of control than many other systems offer. While Linux is considered more secure than many other systems, some hackers can modify existing Linux security distributions to use them as hacking software. Most ethical hackers prefer Linux because it's considered more secure than other operating systems and does not generally require the use of third-party antivirus software. Ethical hackers must be well-versed in Linux to identify loopholes and combat malicious hackers, as it’s one of the most popular systems for web servers.

The OSI model describes seven layers that computer systems use to communicate over a network. Learn about it and how it compares to TCP/IP model.
Is Ethical Hacking Legal?
Yes, ethical hacking is legal because the hacker has full, expressed permission to test the vulnerabilities of a system. An ethical hacker operates within constraints stipulated by the person or organization for which they work, and this agreement makes for a legal arrangement. An ethical hacker is like someone who handles quality control for a car manufacturer. They may have to try to break certain components of the vehicle such as the windshield, suspension system, transmission, or engine to see where they are weak or how they can improve them. With ethical hacking, the hacker is trying to “break” the system to ascertain how it can be less vulnerable to cyberattacks. However, if an ethical hacker attacks an area of a network or computer without getting expressed permission from the owner, they could be considered a gray hat hacker, violating ethical hacking principles.

The OSI model describes seven layers that computer systems use to communicate over a network. Learn about it and how it compares to TCP/IP model. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
What is the Certified Ethical Hacker ( CEH ) Certification Exam?

The Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) certification exam supports and tests the knowledge of auditors, security officers, site administrators, security professionals, and anyone else who wants to ensure a network is safe against cybercriminals. With the CEH credential, you can design and govern the minimum standards necessary for credentialing information that security professionals need to engage in ethical hacking. You can also make it known to the public if someone who has earned their CEH credentials has met or exceeded the minimum standards. You are also empowered to reinforce the usefulness and self-regulated nature of ethical hacking. The CEH exam doesn’t cater to specific security hardware or software vendors, such as Fortinet, Avira, Kaspersky, Cisco, or others, making it a vendor-neutral program.

What is Wireshark? How to use Wireshark?
What is the Certified Information Security Manager ( CISM ) exam?

Passing the Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) exam indicates that the credentialed individual is an expert in the governance of information security, developing security programs and managing them, as well as managing incidents and risk. For someone to be considered “certified,” they must have passed the exam within the last five years, as well as work full-time in a related career, such as information security and IT administration. The exam tests individuals’ knowledge regarding the risks facing different systems, how to develop programs to assess and mitigate these risks, and how to ensure an organization's information systems conform to internal and regulatory policies. The exam also assesses how a person can use tools to help an organization recover from a successful attack.

A protocol defines a set of rules used by two or more parties to interact between themselves. A standard is a formalized protocol accepted by most of the parties that implement it.

What are the different types of hackers?

The different types of hackers include white hat hackers who are ethical hackers and are authorized to hack systems, black hat hackers who are cybercriminals, and grey hat hackers, who fall in-between and may not damage your system but hack for personal gain. There are also red hat hackers who attack black hat hackers directly. Some call new hackers green hat hackers. These people aspire to be full-blown, respected hackers. State-sponsored hackers work for countries and hacktivists and use hacking to support or promote a philosophy. Sometimes a hacker can act as a whistleblower, hacking their own organization in order to expose hidden practices. There are also script kiddies and blue hat hackers. A script kiddie tries to impress their friends by launching scripts and download tools to take down websites and networks. When a script kiddie gets angry at…

The Ethernet header, the IP header, and the UDP header are stripped from the original packet and stored for later usage in ethical.
What is penetration testing?
Penetration testing, or pen testing, is the process of attacking an enterprise's network to find any vulnerabilities that could be present to be patched. Ethical hackers and security experts carry out these tests to find any weak spots in a system’s security before hackers with malicious intent find them and exploit them. Someone who has no previous knowledge of the system's security usually performs these tests, making it easier to find vulnerabilities that the development team may have overlooked. You can perform penetration testing using manual or automated technologies to compromise servers, web applications, wireless networks, network devices, mobile devices, and other exposure points.

ARP ( Address Resolution Protocol ) : Mechanism, ARP Tables, ARP Packets
What are the different types of penetration testing?
There are many types of penetration testing. Internal penetration testing tests an enterprise's internal network. This test can determine how much damage can be caused by an employee. An external penetration test targets a company's externally facing technology like their website or their network. Companies use these tests to determine how an anonymous hacker can attack a system. In a covert penetration test, also known as a double-blind penetration test, few people in the company will know that a pen test is occurring, including any security professional. This type of test will test not only systems but a company's response to an active attack. With a closed-box penetration test, a hacker may know nothing about the enterprise under attack other than its name. In an open-box test, the hacker will receive some information about a company's security to aid them in the attack.

Hands-on lab exercises implementation of DoS and MiM attacks using ARP
What are the different stages of penetration testing?
Penetration tests have five different stages. The first stage defines the goals and scope of the test and the testing methods that will be used. Security experts will also gather intelligence on the company's system to better understand the target. The second stage of a pen test is scanning the target application or network to determine how they will respond to an attack. You can do this through a static analysis of application code and dynamic scans of running applications and networks. The third stage is the attack phase, when possible vulnerabilities discovered in the last stage are attacked with various hacking methods. In the fourth stage of a penetration test, the tester attempts to maintain access to the system to steal any sensitive data or damaging systems. The fifth and final stage of a pen test is the reporting phase, when testers compile the test results.

An 802.1Q VLAN (virtual local area network) is a collection of computers on a LAN or LANs that are grouped together in a single broadcast domain, independent of their physical location.
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A wireless local-area network (WLAN) is a group of colocated computers or other devices that form a network based on radio transmissions rather than wired connections.
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Network layer manages options pertaining to host and network addressing, managing sub-networks, and internetworking.
Ethical hacking is legal because the hacker has full, expressed permission to test the vulnerabilities of a system. An ethical hacker operates within constraints stipulated by the person or organization for which they work, and this agreement makes for a legal arrangement. An ethical hacker is like someone who handles quality control for a car manufacturer. They may have to try to break certain components of the vehicle such as the windshield, suspension system, transmission, or engine to see where they are weak or how they can improve them. With ethical hacking, the hacker is trying to “break” the system to ascertain how it can be less vulnerable to cyberattacks. However, if an ethical hacker attacks an area of a network or computer without getting expressed permission from the owner, they could be considered a gray hat hacker, violating ethical hacking principles.
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The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries.

The IPv4 address is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a network interface on a system, as explained in How IP Addresses Apply to Network Interfaces in ethical hacking.

An Internet Protocol version 4 packet header (IPv4 packet header) contains application information, including usage and source/destination addresses.

A classful network is a network addressing architecture used in the Internet from 1981 until the introduction of Classless Inter-Domain Routing in 1993.

For IPv4, a network may also be characterized by its subnet mask or netmask, which is the bitmask that when applied by a bitwise AND operation to any IP address in the network, yields the routing prefix. Subnet masks are also expressed in dot-decimal notation like an address.

To understand subnetting, you should first understand the decimal and binary structure of an IP address. An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number.

IPv4 address exhaustion is the depletion of the pool of unallocated IPv4 addresses.
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In IP networking, a private network is a computer network that uses private IP address space for ethical hacker.

Private Networks - Demonstration, Creating private networks
In IP networking, a private network is a computer network that uses private IP address space.
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Network address translation (NAT) is a method of mapping an IP address space into another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit across a traffic routing device. these topics are important ethical , Ethical Intelligence , nmap nessus , nmap course , nmap metaspolit , Complete nmap , Kali linux nmap , ethical hacking , penetration testing , bug bounty , hack , cyber security , kali linux , android hacking , network security , nmap , hacking , security , security testing

An IPv6 packet is the smallest message entity exchanged using Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). Packets consist of control information for addressing and routing and a payload of user data. The control information in IPv6 packets is subdivided into a mandatory fixed header and optional extension headers.  these topics are important ethical , Ethical Intelligence , nmap nessus , nmap course , nmap metaspolit , Complete nmap , Kali linux nmap , ethical hacking , penetration testing , bug bounty , hack , cyber security , kali linux , android hacking , network security , nmap , hacking , security , security testing

DHCP works at the application layer to dynamically assign the IP address to the client and this happens through the exchange of a series of messages called DHCP transactions or DHCP conversation. these topics are important ethical , Ethical Intelligence , nmap nessus , nmap course , nmap metaspolit , Complete nmap , Kali linux nmap , ethical hacking , penetration testing , bug bounty , hack , cyber security , kali linux , android hacking , network security , nmap , hacking , security , security testing

The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite.

Transport layer offers peer-to-peer and end-to-end connection between two processes on remote hosts in hacking, penetration testing bug bounty, hack, cyber security, kali linux, android hacking

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite.
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TCP wraps each data packet with a header containing 10 mandatory fields totaling 20 bytes (or octets). Each header holds information about the connection and the current data being sent. The 10 TCP header fields are as follows: Source port – The sending device's port. Destination port – The receiving device's port.

Comparison of UDP and TCP — In computer networking, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite.
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Application layer is where the actual communication is initiated and reflects. Because this layer is on the top of the layer stack, it does not serve any other layers. Application layer takes the help of Transport and all layers below it to communicate or transfer its data to the remote host.
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DNS, or the domain name system, is the phonebook of the Internet, connecting web browsers with websites. Penetration testing skills make you a more marketable IT tech. Understanding how to exploit servers, networks, and applications means that you will also be able to better prevent malicious exploitation. From website and network hacking, to pen testing in Python and Metasploit, Udemy has a course for you.

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Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol.  It is used for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on the Internet. In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security or, formerly, Secure Sockets Layer.

· Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP)

· EC-Council Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH)

· GIAC Certified Penetration Tester (GPEN)

· EC-Council Licensed Penetration Tester — Master (LPT)

· Crest Certified Penetration Tester (CPT)

· CompTIA PenTest+

· GIAC Web Application Penetration Tester (GWAPT) :

· Offensive Security Web Expert (OSWE)

· Offensive Security Wireless Professional (OSWP)

What is the data link layer?
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