Nephrology Course - Anatomy, Physiology, Diseases & Drugs

Learn about stress, urgency, and overflow incontinence, their bladder and urethral mechanics, common causes, and treatment options from Kegel exercises to antimuscarinics, catheterization when needed.

Explore the congenital adrenal hyperplasia pathway, showing cholesterol to pregnenolone and branching to aldosterone, cortisol, or sex hormones via enzymes such as desmolase and 21 hydroxylase.

Investigate post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, a type iii hypersensitivity where streptococcal pharyngitis triggers immune complex mediated kidney injury, causing hematuria, hypertension, low complement, and subepithelial humps.

Explore how calcium oxalate stones form from excess calcium or oxalate, and note oxalate-rich foods like chocolate and vegetables, plus other stone types and dehydration risk.

Penicillin binds penicillin binding protein to inhibit peptidoglycan crosslinking, causing cell-wall defects; indications include pneumococci, enterococci, Neisseria, syphilis, Staphylococcus and streptococci, Actinomyces, Anthrax and Clostridium.

Acetaminophen inhibits CNS cyclooxygenase, yielding antipyretic effects for fever in children and mild analgesia, with no peripheral anti-inflammatory action. Overdose forms napqi detoxified by glutathione; NEC or cysteine regenerates glutathione.

Memorize pseudomonas aeruginosa features with a mnemonic, covering pneumonia in cystic fibrosis, sepsis, otitis externa, nosocomial infections, toxins, and treat with antipseudomonal beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and carbapenems.

Explore the four major E. coli types: hemorrhagic E. coli O157 causing hemolytic uremic syndrome and dysentery; enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, and enteroinvasive forms with distinct mucosal effects and diarrhea.

Autonomy gives patients the right to accept or refuse treatment after full disclosure of options, risks, benefits, and alternatives, and acknowledges physician autonomy to decline elective procedures when appropriate.

Balance impartial fairness with equitable triage and prioritize life-threatening cases over routine procedures when resources are scarce.

Learn how tumor grading reflects cellular differentiation and mitotic activity to inform prognosis, then explore TNM staging: tumor size, nodal involvement, and metastasis, plus the C, P, and B modifiers.