Flying training Navigation. C 172 VFR | Flight School | PPL

Introduction to Navigation of the Cessna 172, Pilots Meteorology, Human factors and performance, Aviation law, and using the VHF Radio.

Flying can be a pleasure it can also be a nightmare. Good flight planning is required to make the trip a happy one.

Flight planning is a good habit to get into, we don't just jump in the aircraft and take off wondering where we are going to go. Here we explain basically how we get from A to B and which things we need to take into account for our route.

Engaging and disengaging the autopilot, maintaining altitude. Climbing and descending and changing course.

It is a legal requirement for the pilot of a light aircraft to carry a current in date VFR flight chart of the area in which he or she will be flying. Someone at your local flying club will have one that is out of date and you can pick these up for free. It is important to familiarise yourself with your local area. There maps go out of date every year as airspace changes, radio frequencies etc. They are not expensive but a real MUST for the VFR pilot. 

Everyone uses GPS today we even have sat nav in the car. But to pass your Navigation exam you will have to learn to navigate without the GPS or navigation beacons, it is called dead reckoning. Drawing lines on a map and using a stopwatch.

For navigation initially by ships the world is divided up by an elaborate system of imaginary lines effectively a grid so that we can work out where we are and where we are going.

Longitude is a little more complicated than latitude and too years to work out how to calculate it.

VHF omni directional radio range (VOR) is a type of short-range radio navigation system for aircraft, enabling aircraft with a receiving unit to determine their position and stay on course by receiving radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons. It uses frequencies in the very high frequency (VHF) band from 108.00 to 117.95 MHz. Developed in the United States beginning in 1937 and deployed by 1946, VOR is the standard air navigational system in the world, used by both commercial and general aviation. By 2000 there were about 3,000 VOR stations around the world including 1,033 in the US, reduced to 967 by 2013^[with more stations being decommissioned with the widespread adoption of GPS.

The Global Positioning System , better known by its acronym, GPS ( which stands for Global Positioning System ) is a system for determining the entire Earth the position of an object (a person, a vehicle) with an accuracy of up to centimeters (if differential GPS is used), although the usual are a few meters of precision. The system was developed, installed and used by the Department of Defense of the United States . To determine the positions in the balloon, the GPS system uses 24 satellites and uses trilateration .

Magnetic deviation is the error induced in a compass by local magnetic fields, which must be allowed for, along with magnetic declination, if accurate bearings are to be calculated. 

In aircraft, an aneroid barometer measures the atmospheric pressure from a static port outside the aircraft. Air pressure decreases with an increase of altitude—approximately 100 hectopascals per 800 meters or one inch of mercury per 1000 feet near sea level.

Successful air navigation involves piloting an aircraft from place to place without getting lost, not breaking the laws applying to aircraft, or endangering the safety of those on board or on the ground. Air navigation differs from the navigation of surface craft in several ways; Aircraft travel at relatively high speeds, leaving less time to calculate their position on route. Aircraft normally cannot stop in mid-air to ascertain their position at leisure. Aircraft are safety-limited by the amount of fuel they can carry; a surface vehicle can usually get lost, run out of fuel, then simply await rescue. There is no in-flight rescue for most aircraft. Additionally, collisions with obstructions are usually fatal. Therefore, constant awareness of position is critical for aircraft pilots.

A non-directional (radio) beacon (NDB) is a radio transmitter at a known location, used as an aviation or marine navigational aid. As the name implies, the signal transmitted does not include inherent directional information, in contrast to other navigational aids such as low frequency radio range, VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) and TACAN. NDB signals follow the curvature of the Earth, so they can be received at much greater distances at lower altitudes, a major advantage over VOR. However, NDB signals are also affected more by atmospheric conditions, mountainous terrain, coastal refraction and electrical storms, particularly at long range.

Tracking to and from a VOR beacon and cross referencing from the ADF NDB.

The true speed , or TAS - of the English True airspeed -, is the relative speed of an airplane with respect to the mass of air in which it flies. It is measured in miles per hour (mph) or in knots (kts, from English knots ).  In the latter case it is abbreviated as KTAS - from the English Knots true airspeed -.  The true speed is very close to the speed indicated at low altitude and speed, but they diverge as they increase. On commercial aircraft, the TAS meter is usually hidden at speeds higher than 200 knots, since it does not provide useful information about the speed with respect to earth or take into account the winds. True speed is important information for accurate navigation.

To maintain the desired course while flying in a moving mass of air, the pilot must use his knowledge of wind speed and direction and air speed to determine the course he wants to follow. See air navigation (speed triangle).

How a radar station detects light aircraft.

In today's world a light aircraft can easily become lost, even with advanced radar systems in place. learn the strengths and weaknesses of radar. Stay safe!

New Cessna 172 with all new avionics. We set off for our first airport.

Flying in cloud is never a good idea. especially when you are flying over high ground. WAIT for the weather to improve.

Fog at shobden surface upto 3500ft. so no flying today. We turned the weather off and flew to Liverpool.

Leg 7 takes us from the city of Liverpool to Carlisle on the border of Scotland.

Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) is an aviation flight category that describes weather conditions that require pilots to fly primarily by reference to instruments, and therefore under instrument flight rules (IFR), rather than by outside visual references under visual flight rules (VFR). Typically, this means flying in cloudy or bad weather. Pilots sometimes train to fly in these conditions with the aid of products like Foggles, specialized glasses that restrict outside vision, forcing the student to rely on instrument indications only.

The weather conditions required for flight under VFR are known as visual meteorological conditions (VMC). IMC and VMC are mutually exclusive. In fact, instrument meteorological conditions are defined as less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions.The boundary criteria between VMC and IMC are known as the VMC minima. There is also a concept of "marginal VMC", which are certain conditions above VMC minima, which are fairly close to one or more of the VMC minima.

Edinburgh (/ˈɛdɪnbərə/ (listen); Scots: Edinburgh; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann [ˈt̪uːn ˈeːtʲən̪ˠ]) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's southern shore.

Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is the seat of the Scottish Government, the Scottish Parliament and the supreme courts of Scotland. The city's Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official residence of the monarch in Scotland. The city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, philosophy, the sciences and engineering. It is the second largest financial centre in the United Kingdom (after London) and the city's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom's second most visited tourist destination attracting 4.9 million visits including 2.4 million from overseas in 2018.

Bad weather leg stormy conditions wind 240 @ 28 Gusting 35. Rain. In reality I would have stayed on the ground.

Congratulations we have made it from Lands end to John o Groats.

If you are happy now flying the PA 28 here is a small single engine jet that you can download for free and fly straight away. It is the De Havilland Vampire and it will do 400 knots.

Shoreham to Goodwood VFR on auto pilot.

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Plymouth City Airport (IATA: PLH, ICAO: EGHD) is a 'mothballed' airport located within the City of Plymouth 3.5 NM (6.5 km; 4.0 mi) north northeast of the city centre in Devon, England at Derriford (formerly Roborough).