Anatomy of the abdomen

Describe the peritoneum as a two-layer serous membrane with parietal and visceral layers, lubricated by fluid, forming greater and lesser sacs, including mesenteries, omenta, and the foramen of Winslow.

Explore how the liver, the largest abdominal organ, regulates metabolism and hematology and produces bile. See how it comprises left, right, caudate, and quadri lobes and eight vascular segments.

Explore the portal hepatic system, where the portal vein forms in the retroperitoneum from the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins and supplies the liver.

The liver has a dual blood supply from arterial blood via the common hepatic artery and venous blood via the portal vein, and the hepatic veins drain into the IVC.

Describe the gallbladder and biliary system, including intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts, gallbladder structure (fundus, body, neck), cystic and common bile ducts, spiral valves, and bile delivery to the duodenum.

Explore the pancreas' retroperitoneal anatomy from head to tail, its relations to the duodenum, IVC, SMA, and portal vein, the uncinate process, and its endocrine and exocrine functions.

The spleen is the body's largest lymph organ, an intraperitoneal left upper quadrant structure with red and white pulp, supplied by the splenic artery and drained by the splenic vein.

Identify the adrenal glands as paired suprarenal retroperitoneal organs above the kidneys, with cortex producing glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, and medulla producing epinephrine and norepinephrine; note arterial supply and drainage.

Explore the urinary system, detailing retroperitoneal kidneys with cortex and medulla housing nephrons. Trace the ureters from the renal pelvis to the bladder and urethra.

The stomach stores and digests food, produces intrinsic factor for vitamin b12 absorption, and is supplied by branches of the gastric, splenic, and gastric duodenal arteries beneath the left diaphragm.

Identify the suprarenal glands as retroperitoneal structures located above each kidney, enclosed with the kidneys by renal fascia. The cortex secretes corticosteroids, while the medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.