Intermediate Python: Build Real Projects & Level Up

Mastering intermediate Python covers string methods such as capitalize, center, endswith, find, and isalnum, with practical examples on a name variable.

Explore python string methods isalpha, islower, isspace, isupper, lower, and lstrip, and see how they evaluate a name variable for letters, casing, spaces, and leading spaces.

Explore Python string methods by using replace to swap characters, find and rfind to locate positions, and strip to remove trailing spaces, with practical examples.

Master Python string methods such as upper, title, swapcase, strip, startswith, and split. Learn how these methods adjust case, trim spaces, check prefixes, and convert strings into lists.

Learn how the split method converts a string to a list by default when called with empty parentheses. Then see how placing a specific separator inside parentheses yields three elements.

Explore min and max on a string by assigning letters to an alpha variable, locate characters with the index method, convert to a list, and count occurrences.

Learn how to replace verbose Python for loops with list comprehension, using a countries list, range, and upper to generate and print new lists in concise one-line expressions.

Explore functions and scopes in Python with a calculator example showing a local numbers variable printing 123, and explain how a number created outside the function is accessible inside.

Apply the del keyword to remove the element at index zero from a list passed to a function, illustrating how in-place changes to digit affect the outside variable.

Explore modules and packages in Python, essential for large projects, and learn to access standard library content such as functions, methods, variables, and classes, with examples like user and supplier.

Learn to use Python's platform module to query operating system details, processor names, and Python versions with functions like machine, processor, system, version, and python_version_tuple.

Explore how Python raises errors and exceptions when code fails, how handling exceptions resumes program execution, and how to observe, identify, and manage each exception.

Demonstrates practical examples of exceptions in Python, including zero division error when dividing by zero and index error from accessing list index zero, with console tracebacks.

Mastering intermediate Python explains that exceptions form a tree where the first matching branch may be more general, as zero division is caught by arithmetic error.

Mastering intermediate Python teaches raising exceptions with the raise keyword, creating a division function, handling zero division errors with try and except, and displaying errors via print.

Learn how to use the assert statement in python to validate input data by converting input to float, guarding code, and triggering an assertion error when data fails.

Explore object oriented programming in python, contrasting it with procedural programming, and learn how classes, objects, attributes, and methods unite data and code in real world applications.

Explore the __init__ constructor and the mandatory self parameter inside a class, where the constructor initializes a new instance and runs automatically when an object is created.

Learn to create an instance variable inside a class using self, initialize it in the init method, and access it from an object with the correct dot notation.

Learn how to access a class variable through an object by binding it with self, using a class variable number with value seven and an instance variable Z.

Apply __dict__ to a Python class and its instance to see how class variables and instance variables appear in the resulting dictionary, clarifying their behavior.

Learn to implement the __str__ method in a Python class to return first and last name with a space, and print an object to display John Doe in the console.

Explore the __name__ attribute and the name property in Python classes, showing how to access a class name with type(obj).__name__, and why the name property exists for classes, not objects.

Learn how to create a private instance variable in Python using double underscores, encapsulation, and why external access triggers an attribute error.

A class demonstrates how a method called get can access a private instance variable and return its value after adding six.

Explore how a subclass inherits a superclass method and overrides it, using object one from A and object two from B to display results in the console.

Explore inheritance by creating a subclass that overrides a superclass instance variable and initializes it through the superclass constructor, then prints the overridden my lucky number values.

Learn multiple inheritance in programming by creating classes A and B and a subclass C that inherits both, then access data, age, and methods func A and func B.

Explore the Python __bases__ attribute, a tuple on a class that reveals its superclasses. Learn to print superclass names by iterating bases, and note that bases apply only to classes.

Explore how generators produce a series of values and control iteration in Python, with range as an example, and use the iterator protocol via __iter__ and next, plus StopIteration handling.

Compare list comprehension and generator in Python by highlighting brackets versus parentheses, using for loops to display values, and recognizing generator objects with type and len behavior.

Learn how to create lambda functions in Python, assign them to variables, and invoke them to perform additions, multiplications, divisions, and powers, including multi-parameter and nested lambdas.

Learn how to assign a function to a function parameter and pass an anonymous lambda as an argument within a display function. The numbers function multiplies inputs by five.

Explore using lambda as an anonymous function, passing it to a display function, and invoking it inside a loop or list comprehension with range and print separators.

Explore Python closures by building a function inside another function, returning the inner function, and invoking both to demonstrate stored values.

Explore closures by nesting B inside A, passing a number parameter, multiplying by 3, and printing 15 when both functions are invoked.

Understand how the close() function can fail, catch IO error with a try-except block, and access the errno property from the exception object when closing and reading streams.

demonstrates reading from a text file with the read() function, including two-character reads, printing, counting characters, and handling io errors with errno and optional read variants.