Master Histology With Dr. Najeeb

1. Basic structure of the cell (0:22...0:46 min)

2. Structure of cell membrane (0:47...1:10 min)

3. Why is the cell membrane called the lipid bilayer? (1:11...1:41 min)

4. Phospholipid bilayer and its primary function (1:42...12:36 min)

5. Aqueous channels in the cell membrane (12:37...14:34 min)

6. Types of phospholipids in the cell membrane (14:35...18:13 min)

7. Asymmetric structure of cell membrane (18:14...21:06 min)

8. Presence of cholesterol in the cell membrane (21:07...23:37 min)

9. Fluidity of cell membrane and its importance (23:38...28:54 min)

10. Factors that can alter the fluidity of cell membrane (28:55...32:15 min)

11. Review of concepts (32:16...33:49 min)

12. Lipid Raft and its significance (33:50...44:30 min)

13. Summary of lecture contents (44:31...44:55 min)

1. Associated proteins in cell membrane and their types (0:15...4:06 min)

2. Percentage of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in the cell membrane (4:13...5:06 min)

3. Functions of integral proteins (5:07...17:33 min)

4. Review of concepts until now (17:34...18:12 min)

5. Functions of Peripheral proteins (18:13...22:13 min)

1. Major function of the Cell Membrane (0.00...2:09 min)

2. Passive Transport Mechanisms (2:20...31:54 min)

a. Simple Diffusion along with factors that determine rate of Diffusion (2:20...7:45 min)

b. Detailed overview of Facilitated Diffusion with examples (7:46...29:35 min)

c. Review of Passive Transport Mechanisms (29:36...31:54 min)

3. Active Transport Mechanisms (31:55...58:33 min)

a. Primary Active Transport Mechanism with examples (31:55...42:44 min)

b. Secondary Active Transport Mechanism with examples (42:56...58:33 min)

1. Review of different Transport Mechanisms (0:00...1:52 min)

2. Protein/Carrier Mediated Transport Mechanisms (1:53...3:18 min)

3. Characteristics of Protein/Carrier Mediated Transport Mechanism (3:18...11:21 min)

a. Stereospecificity (3:18...5:43 min)

b. Saturation (5:44...10:27 min)

c. Competition (10:28...11:21 min)

4. Review of Protein/Carrier Mediated Transport Mechanisms along with their characteristics (11:22...12:21 min)

5. Vesicular Transport Mechanisms with types (12:22...27:46 min)

a. Endocytosis and its types (14:31...24:47 min)

b. Exocytosis with examples (24:28...27:46 min)

6. Lecture review (27:52...30:27 min)

1) Basic tissues of the human body. (00:00 ... 01:02 mins)

2) Basic overview of epithelium. (01:03 ... 06:57 mins)

3) Basic functions of epithelial tissues. (06:58 ... 10:51 mins)

4) Classification / different types of epithelium. (10:52 ... 21:51 mins)

5) Location of types of epithelium in different parts of the body. (21:52 ... 31:25 mins)

6) Basic overview of domains of epithelial cells. (31:26 ... 37:13 mins)

7) Specialized features and functions of the apical domain of the epithelial cells (37:14 ...

a) Specialized features, location, and functions of microvilli and stereovilli. (37:14 ... 49:36 mins)

b) Specialized features, location, and functions of cilia. (49:37 ... 59:28 mins)

1) Continuation of “Epithelium part 1” Specialized features and functions of the apical domain of the epithelial cells. (00:00 ... 09:19 mins)

a) Specialized features, location, and function of cillia (00:00 ... 02:35 mins)

b) Basic concept about immotile cilia syndrome and kartagener syndrome. (02:36 ... 08:44 mins)

c) Rapid review of the apical domain of epithelial cells. (08:45 ... 09:19 mins)

2) Specialized features and functions of the lateral domain of epithelial cells. (09:20 ... 45:03 mins)

a) Basic concept about zonula occludens, zonula adherence, macula adherence, and gap junctions. (09:20 ... 23:02 mins)

b) Detailed explanation of zonula occludens. (23:03 ... 28:44 mins)

c) Detailed explanation of zonula adherence. (28:45 ... 34:26 mins)

d) Detailed explanation of macula adherence and gap junctions. (34:27 ... 44:02 mins)

e) Rapid review of lateral domain of epithelial cells. (44:03 .. 45:03 mins)

3) Specialized features and functions of the basal domain of epithelial cells. (45:04 ... 01:02:42 mins)

a) Badic overview of the structure of the basal domain. (45:04 ... 49:05 mins)

b) Molecular composition of the basement membrane. (49:06 ... 57:17 mins)

c) Structure and functions of focal adhesions and hemidesmosome (57:18 ... 59:32 mins)

d) Clinical conditions related to the basement membrane. (59:33 ... 01:02:42 mins)

1) Basic difference between cell and tissue. (00:00 ... 01:37 mins)

2) Types of body tissues. (01:38 ... 08:38 mins)

a) Epithelial tissues. (01:38 ... 06:42 mins)

b) Muscle tissues. ( 06:43 ... 07:02 mins)

c) Nerve tissues. ( 07:03 ... 07:44 mins)

d) Connective tissues. (07:45 ... 08:38 mins)

3) Brief discussion on functions of connective tissues. (08:39 ... 12:50 mins)

4) Structure of connective tissues. ( 12:51 ... 22:52 mins)

5) Concept about the development of connective tissue cells. ( 22:53 ... 38:11 mins)

6) How are stem cells made through primitive mesenchymal cells? (38:12 … 48:43 mins)

7) Sources of connective tissue cells. (48:44 … 50:48 mins)

8) Detailed explanation of permanent resident connective tissue cells and wandering / transient connective tissue cells. (50:49 … 01:00:21 mins)

1) Continuation of the previous lecture, “Connective tissues (Basic concepts) part 1)”

2) A detailed explanation of permanent resident connective tissue cells and wandering/ transient connective tissue cells. (00:00 … 20:20 mins)

3) Detailed explanation of mast cells' development, working, functions, and clinical conditions related to mast cells. (20:21 … 56:38 mins)

1) Adipocytes and their major functions (00:00 ... 11:11 mins)

2) Types of adipocytes (11:12 ... 14:20 mins)

3) Major functions of Brown adipocytes (14:21 ... 26:31 mins)

4) Difference between brown adipocytes and white adipocytes (26:32 ... 28:15 mins)

5) Mechanisms through which white adipocytes play an important role in the storage and release of energy (28:16 ... 41:06 mins)

1) Continuation of the previous lecture “Adipocytes Part 1”, Mechanisms through which white adipocytes play an important role in storage and release of energy (00:00 ... 28:04 mins)

2) Brief overview of obesity and its types (28:05 ... 32:14 mins)

1) Brief introduction about collagen. (00:00 … 01:57 mins)

2) Concept about genes and their role in protein synthesis. (01:58 … 22:57 mins)

3) What are fibroblasts? And basic concept about synthesis of collagen. (22:58 … 36:13 mins)

1) Different intracellular steps of collagen synthesis. (00:00 … 55:52 mins)

a) Transcription. (00:00 … 02:19 mins)

b) Translation. (02:20 … 14:44 mins)

c) Osteogenesis imperfecta. (14:45 … 29:43 mins)

d) Hydroxylation. (29:44 … 39:59 mins)

e) Glycosylation. (40:00 … 43:29 mins)

f) Formation and secretion of Pro collagen molecule into the extracellular matrix. (43:30 … 55:52 mins)

1) Brief overview of intracellular steps of collagen synthesis. (00:00 … 04:22 mins)

2) Different extracellular steps of collagen synthesis. (04:23 … )

a) Formation of tropocollagen molecule. (04:23 … 09:20 mins)

b) Formation of collagen fibrils. (09:21 … 15:20 mins)

c) Formation of collagen fibers. (15:21 … 15:54 mins)

3) Review of Intracellular and extracellular events of collagen synthesis. (15:55 … 19:03 mins)

4) Detailed explanation of collagenopathies. (19:04 … 26:21 mins)

5) Factors that are responsible for the strength of collagen. (26:22 … 28:26 mins)

6) Features of fibril and meshwork collagens on staining. (28:27 … 39:40 mins)

7) Important sites of different types of collagens in our body and their clinical correlations. (39:41 … 55:00 mins)

1. Introduction to Nervous System and its organization (00:00 … 06:04 mins)

2. Functional Classification of Cells of the Nervous System (06:05 … 11:04 mins)

3. Microscopic Structure of Neurons (11:05 … 22:26 mins)

4. Approximate Size of Neurons (22:27 … 25:52 mins)

5. Morphological Classification of Neurons (22:53 … 43:08 mins)

a. Unipolar & Pseudo-unipolar Neurons (22:53 … 38:04 mins)

b. Bipolar Neurons (38:05 … 40:13 mins)

c. Multipolar Neurons (40:14 … 43:08 mins)

6. Functional Classification of Neurons (43:09 …. 47:17 mins)

7. Classification of Neurons according to Neurotransmitters (47:18 … 54:16 mins)

8. Classification of Neurons according to Axonal Length (54:17 … 55:26 mins)

9. Example of integration of Classification Systems of Neurons (55:27 … 57:17 mins)

1. Introduction to hematopoiesis (0:01...0:29min)

2. Stem cells, their properties, origin, and different sites of hematopoiesis (0:30...9:36min)

3. Difference between red and yellow bone marrow and concept of extramedullary Hematopoiesis (9:37...13:23min)

4. Major sites of Hematopoiesis in adults and clinical correlate (13:24...19:46min)

5. Pluripotent stem cell and its types (19:47...24:29min)

6. Formation of committed stem cells from multipotent common lymphoid stem cells (24:30…26:39min)

7. Lymphoid cell production, maturation, the division into different subtypes and their functions (26:40...36:16min)

8. Division of common myeloid stem cells (36:17…56:50min)

a. Formation of reticulocytes, basophils, and megakaryocytes (36:17...42:52min)

b. What are mast cells? (42:53…45:34min)

c. Granulocytes and monocytes colony forming units which lead to the formation of neutrophils (45:35...47:57min)

d. Colony forming units for eosinophils and production of eosinophils (47:58...49:37min)

e. Production of monocytes and concept of inflammatory macrophages (49:38…52:08min)

f. Physiologic conversion of monocytes to macrophages during early development. (52:09...56:50min)

1. Rapid review of different steps of hematopoiesis (0:01…2:09min)

2. Explanation of aplastic anemia with clinical picture of bone marrow and peripheral tissue (2:10…3:57min)

3. Definition of leukaemia. (3:58…4:48min)

4. Role of bone marrow in proliferation and differentiation during the process of hematopoiesis (4:49…6:45min)

5. Soluble factors, their origin, functions, and clinical correlate (6:46…9:40min)

6. Functions of bone marrow stem cells and concept of bone marrow transplant (9:41…14:32min)

7. Anatomy, structural components of bone marrow, and processes which are carried out by bone marrow (14:33…33:24min)

a. Thrombopoiesis in bone marrow (17:11…18:25min)

b. Different steps of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and which substances are needed for their proliferation in bone marrow (18:26…31:10min)

c. Granulopoiesis in bone marrow (31:11…32:10min)

8. Different studies of bone marrow (33:25min…35:26min)

a. Process of Bone marrow aspiration and concept of the dry tap (33:48…34:45min)

b. Bone marrow trephine biopsy (34:46…35:26min)

9. How different precursors of hematopoiesis can be identified in the bone marrow and the concept of transcellular migration (35:27…37:37min)

10. Life spans of different blood cells (37:38…38:36min)

1. Detailed explanation on steps, cell differentiation and morphological changes during the process of erythropoiesis (0:01…21:16min)

2. Nomenclatures of cells of erythropoiesis (21:17…23:19min)

3. Reticulocyte, its conversion into mature red blood cell and clinical correlate (23:20…26:40min)

4. Role of erythropoietin in erythropoiesis and its production (26:41.28:45min)

5. Basic characteristics of red blood cells and clinical correlate (28:46…42:58min)

1. Structural components of hemoglobin (0:01…2:13min)

2. Types of hemoglobin and clinical correlate (2:14…5:48min)

3. ABO and Rh blood group classification and clinical correlate (5:49…12:00min)

4. ABO incompatibility and universal donor/recipient blood groups (12:01…20:01min)

5. Pathophysiology, complications of erythroblastosis fetalis and concept of hydrops fetalis (20:02…32:55min)

6. Treatment/Prevention of erythroblastosis fetalis (32:56…35:52min)

7. Question and answer session regarding the topic (35:53…40:34min)

1) Types of white blood cells and their morphology (0:01...6:52min)

a. Neutrophils (1:58...3:23min)

b. Eosinophils (3:24...4:24min)

c. Basophils (4:25...4:59min)

d. Monocytes and lymphocytes (5:00...5:40min)

2) Total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count (DLC), and clinical correlate. (6:53...8:59min)

3) Leukopenias, leukocytosis, and their causes (9:00...15:37min)

4) Definition and site of granulopoiesis (15:38...17:56min)

5) Stages of granulopoiesis with different morphological stages (17:57...32:40min)

a. Myeloblast stage (22:20…24:13min)

b. Promyelocyte stage and characteristic granules (24:14...27:42min)

c. Myelocyte stage (27:43...30:10min)

d. Meta myelocyte stage (30:11...32:40min)

6) Revision of the process of granulopoiesis with substances that enhance the proliferation process (32:41...35:50min)

7) Memorising strategies for the six stages of granulopoiesis (35:51...38:00min)

8) Concept of marginated pool, circulating pool, bone marrow pool of neutrophils, and clinical correlate (38:01...42:07min)

1. Morphological characteristics of neutrophils and clinical correlates (0:01…7:26min)

2. Respiratory burst reaction and role of neutrophils (7:27…10:32min)

3. Steps involved in the recruitment of neutrophils/leukocytes at the site of inflammation (10:33…27:30min)

a. Margination and rolling (10:33…21:23min)

b. Tight binding/Adhesion (21:24…25:12min)

c. Transmigration (25:13…27:30min)

4. Chemotactic agents and definition of chemotaxis (27:31…30:34min)

5. Process of phagocytosis, the role of opsonins, and formation of pus (30:35…35:12min)

6. Types of cells in acute and chronic inflammation and working of neutrophils under anaerobic conditions (35:13…37:56min)

7. Difference between innate and adaptive/specific immunity and the role of neutrophils in innate immunity (37:57…40:27min)

1) Characteristics of Eosinophils (0:01...9:45min)

a. Substances present in granules of eosinophils and clinical correlate (1:39...4:36min)

b. Production of Histaminases, Aryl sulphatases, Leukotrienes and their functions (4:37...9:45min)

2) NAAPCAN mnemonic for conditions causing eosinophilia (9:46...13:08min)

3) Morphological comparison of types of WBCs (13:09...15:59min)

4) Stages of Granulopoiesis (16:00...17:35min)

5) Morphology of basophil granule (17:36...22:18min)

6) What are Stippled basophils and conditions in which these are present (22:19...24:56min)

7) Important points of basophils (24:57...26:29min)

8) Monocytes and causes of monocytosis (26:30...27:49min)

9) Derivatives of macrophages in different tissues and their functions (27:50...35:36min)

10) Types of lymphocytes and their functions (35:37...38:26min)

1. Introduction to coagulation cascade (0:00...2:42 min))

2. Process of Coagulation (2:43…6:03 )

3. Maintenance of blood liquidity in a healthy Cardiovascular system (6:04…31:08 min)

a. Production and function of antiplatelet agents (12:40…20:00 min)

b. Activation of antithrombin III and its effects (20:01...23:50 min)

c. Expression of thrombomodulin and protein activation (23:51…27:40 min)

d. Prevention of fibrin system by tissue plasminogen activator (27:41…31:08 min)

4. Formation of primary platelet plug in case of endothelial injury (31:09…50:54min)

a. Process of platelet adhesions (31:09…45:00 min)

b. Process of platelets activation and release reaction (45:01 …50:54min)

1. Process of platelet aggregation (0:01…17:00 min)

2. Formation of secondary platelet plug (17:01…26:34 min)

a. Detailed explanation of intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathway with an example (17:01…26:34 min)

b. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin through intrinsic coagulation pathway (26:35…35:08 min)

c. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin through extrinsic coagulation pathway (35:09…36:45 min)

3. Revision of the lecture until now (36:46…39:20 min)

4. Detailed explanation of factor activation (39:21…48:16 min)

5. What is hemostasis and the fate of thrombus formed during the coagulation cascade 48:17…55:29min)

1) T-cell origin and different sites of Hematopoiesis (0:01...3:43min)

2) Stem cells, and it's different from precursor cells, for example, erythroblast (3:44...9:06min)

3) Concept of pluripotent stem cells (9:07...10:12min)

4) Division of pluripotent stem cells during hematopoiesis and production of blood cells with special emphasis on WBCs division (10:13...23:00min)

5) Origin, location, development of thymus gland and its clinical correlate (23:01…30:12min)

6) Structure of thymus gland, its major components, and products that help in T-cell maturation (30:13...39:00min)

7) Concept of Hassall's corpuscles and difference between cortex and medulla of the thymus (39:01...41:11min)

8) Blood-thymus barrier and its function (41:12...44:59min)

1) Process of T-Cells maturation in the thymic cortex and a substance produced by nurse cells (0:00...4:12min)

2) Recombinase enzyme and its role in T-cell maturation (4:13…11:51min)

3) Formation of Pre-T-Cells and activation of genes for CD4 +ve & CD8 +ve T-cells (11:52...14:36min)

4) Process of positive selection in the thymus (14:37...21:38min)

5) Process of negative selection in the thymus and random assigning of MHC class I/II molecules. (21:39...30:31min)

6) Rapid review of T- cell lymphopoiesis and maturation in the thymus (30:32…32:12min)

7) Site of mature T-cells (32:13…34:17min)

8) Types of lymphocytes, their functions, surface markers, and role of cytokines in their development. (34:18…44:07min)

9) How natural killer (N.K) cells work, their characteristics, and comparison with the rest of the lymphocytes (44:08…50:51min)

1. Introduction to ABO and Rh blood group systems (0:01…0:43min)

2. Antigens and their relation with different blood groups (0:44…5:11min)

3. H substance/antigen and its origin (5:12…12:51min)

4. Origin of Blood group A antigen and its relation with H antigen (12:52…19:37min)

5. Blood group B antigen in relation to H antigen (19:38…23:04min)

6. Comparison between blood group A antigen and blood group B antigen (23:05…24:26min)

7. Relation between genotype and phenotype with subsequent blood groups (24:27…30:40min)

8. Why AB blood group is called AB? Origination of its antigens along with the role of H antigen (30:41…34:22min)

9. Antigens in blood group O and the reason it is called blood group O (34:23…37:25min)

10. Definition of allele, the concept of the dominant and recessive allele with examples and their relations with ABO blood group system (37:26…47:11min)

1. A brief review of antigens in the ABO blood group system (0:01…2:34 min)

2. Why are antibodies not formed against our own antigens? (2:35...11:36 min)

a. How does our immune system recognizes self-antigens and Non-self-antigens (5:58...7:32 min)

b. Antigen presentation to lymphocytes during early development and its consequences (7:33...15:19 min)

3. Why does a person with blood group A have anti-B antibodies and vice versa, whereas the AB blood group does not have any antibodies? In addition, why does the O blood group have anti-A and anti-B antibodies? (15:20...24:26 min)

4. Summary of the topic (24:27...27:53 min)

1. Compatibility and incompatibility of different blood groups along with the concept of Pentameric IgM complex (0:01…34:06min).

a) Blood group A (0:30…22:18min)

b) Blood group B (22:19…26:07min)

c) Blood group AB (26:08…29:10min)

d) Which blood group is a Universal recipient? (29:11…29:47min)

e) Blood group O (29:48…32:49min)

f) Which blood group is a Universal donor? (32:50…34:06min)

2. Question and answer session (34:07…36:49min)

1. Discovery of Rh blood group system and its classification into subgroups (0:01…7:35min)

2. Origin, structure, and major variants of Rh antigens/Rh factors (7:36…16:25min)

3. Difference between Rh blood group system antigens & ABO blood group system antigens. (16:26…18:45min)

4. Most important antigen variant in Rh blood group system (18:46.21:06min)

5. Differentiation between Rh positive and Rh negative person (21:07…23:20min)

6. Explanation of the following terms and their comparison with each other (23:21…30:05min)

a. Weak D. (23:21…25:53min)

b. Partial D (25:54…27:12min)

c. Rh-null (27:13…30:05min)

7. Major classifications of blood group systems i.e., ABO blood group system and Rh blood group system. (30:06…34:35min)

8. Distribution of Rh -ve and Rh +ve people in general population (34:36…36:37min)

1. Compare and contrast between Antigens and antibodies of Rh & ABO blood group systems (0:01…22:50min)

a) Antibodies of ABO blood group system (7:30… 15:21min)

b) Antibodies of the Rh blood group system. (15:22…19:25min)

c) Brief overview of erythroblastosis fetalis (19:26…22:17min)

2. Formation of Rh antibodies and class switching of antibodies (22:51…26:40min)

3. Reason for IgG antibodies production in Rh blood group system and IgM antibodies in ABO blood group system (26:41…32:56min)

4. Rapid review of the difference between antigens and antibodies of Rh and ABO blood group systems with clinical correlates. (32:57.40:11min)

5. Why is hemolytic disease of the newborn severe in Rh incompatibility and milder in ABO incompatibility and the concept of intravascular hemolysis and extravascular hemolysis? (40:12…67:20min)

6. Rapid review of the above-discussed topic (67:21…69:14min)

7. Question and answer session (69:15…72:01min)

1. Important Rh- antigens (0:01…7:30min)

2. Location of Genes of Rh-antigens (7:31…8:15min)

3. RH-D and RH-CE genes of Rh-antigens (8:16…11:30min)

4. Concepts of Rh Positive Homozygous and heterozygous (11:31… 22:24)

5. Explanation of Rh-negative homozygous (22:25…25:37min)

6. Different combinations of phenotypes in Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood group system (25:38...38:36min)

7. Different patterns of inheritance in the Rh blood group system and the likelihood of having an Rh-positive or Rh-negative baby (38:37…47:35min)

a) When both parents are homozygous Rh-positive (38:37…41:23min)

b) When both parents are heterozygous Rh-positive (41:24…42:40min)

c) When a mother is homozygous Rh-positive, and the father is heterozygous Rh-positive (42:41…44:12min)

d) When a mother is homozygous Rh-negative, a father is homozygous Rh-negative and possible risk of erythroblastosis fetalis (44:13…45:22min)

e) When the mother is homozygous Rh negative, the father is heterozygous Rh-positive and possible risk of erythroblastosis fetalis (45:23…46:45min)

f) When both parents are homozygous Rh-negative (46:46…47:35min)

8. Question and answer session (47:36…49:32min)

1) Basic overview of function, structure, and blood flow through the heart. (00:00 … 07:57 mins)

2) Relationship of whole cardiac structures with the vascular connections. (07:58 … 27:06 mins)

3) Difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. (27:07 … 30:03 mins)

4) Concept about portal circulation. (30:04 … 38:06 mins)

5) Detailed explanation of the structure and functions of arteries. (38:07 … 57:32 mins)

1) Layers of Heart. (00:00 … 05:02 mins)

2) Detailed explanation of the fibrous skeleton of the heart and its functions. (05:03 … 20:56 mins)

3) Detailed explanation of the endocardium's structure, valves' structure, and their clinical correlations. (20:57 … 46:47 mins)

4) Detailed explanation of myocardium and its functions. (46:48 … 55:12 mins)

1) What are the functions of the specialized myocardium? (00:00 … 08:49 mins)

2) Basic overview of Ischemic heart disease. (08:50 … 19:05 mins)

3) Detailed explanation of Elastic arteries with their clinical correlations. (19:06 … 35:41 mins)

4) What are muscular arteries? And the differences between muscular arteries and elastic arteries. (35:42 … 40:44 mins)

5) Brief overview of Marfan's syndrome. (40:45 … 43:52 mins)

1) Detailed explanation of capillaries' structure, types, and functions. (00:00 … 33:05 mins)

2) Basic differences between veins and arteries. (33:06 … 35:55 mins)

3) Brief overview of the structure of veins (Large sized, medium-sized & venules) and what are varicose veins? (35:56 … 38:32 mins)

4) Review of arteries, capillaries, and veins. (38:33 … 40:46 mins)

1. Gross Anatomical Structure of Lymph Nodes (00:00 … 04:55 mins)

2. Flow of Lymph through Lymph Nodes and their Functions (04:56 … 11:05 mins

3. Cells of Lymph Node Outer Cortex and their Functions (11:06 … 20:20 mins)

4. Histological Structure of Lymph Node Follicles (20:21 … 25:14 mins)

5. Review of Structure, Cells, and Functions of Lymph Node Outer Cortex (25:15 … 26:26 mins)

6. Cells of Lymph Node Inner Cortex and their Functions (26:27 … 30:16 mins)

7. Correlation of Areas of Lymph Node with Immunological State (30:17 … 32:19 mins)

8. Cells of Lymph Node Medulla and Review of Cells of Other Regions (32:20 … 36:57 mins)

1. Blood flow of Lymph Node and Explanation of Lymphatic System (00:00 … 16:22 mins)

a. Review of the Blood Circulatory System and its connection with Lymph Nodes (00:00 … 03:00 mins)

b. Blood flow through Lymph Node and Process of Uptake of Immune Cells (03:01 … 07:16 mins)

c. Process of Lymphocyte Circulation and its Importance (07:18 … 15:24 mins)

d. Review of Blood & Lymph Circulation in Lymph Node (15:25 … 16:22 mins)

2. Changes in Structure of Lymph Nodes in Pathological Conditions (16:23 … 28:28 mins)

a. Normal Lymph Node (16:23 … 17:14 mins)

b. Bacterial Infection (17:15 … 17:39 mins)

c. Viral Infection (17:40 … 18:33 mins)

d. Agammaglobulinemia (18:34 … 19:55 mins)

e. Di-George Syndrome (19:56 … 21:33 mins)

f. Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders (21:34 … 25:25 mins)

g. Lymphomas (25:26 … 28:28 mins)

3. Review of concepts (28:29 … 29:38 mins)

1) Basic introduction to Spleen (00:00 ... 03:29 mins)

2) Detailed explanation of structure and circulatory system within spleen (03:30 ... 52:52 mins)

Continuation of previous lecture “Spleen part 1.”

1) Detailed explanation of structure and circulatory system within spleen (00:00 ... 22:00 mins)

2) Review of structure and circulatory system within spleen (22:01 ... 24:06 mins)

3) Functions of the spleen (24:07 ... 28:32 mins)

4) Clinical problems related to spleen (28:33 ... 37:47 mins)

1) Basic structure and function of the liver. (00:00 ... 02:56 mins)

2) Detailed explanation of the circulatory system of the liver. (02:57 ... 39:30 mins)

1) Explanation of liver parenchyma & arrangement of hepatocytes in three different ways. (00:00 ... 44:34 mins)

a) Classic lobule (00:00 ... 26:52 mins)

b) Portal lobule (26:53 ... 30:49 mins)

c) Hepatic asinus (30:50 ... 44:34 mins)

2) Functions of the liver. (44:35 ... 47:23 mins)

3) Bile drainage system of the liver. (47:24 ... 49:16 mins)

4) Review of lecture. (49:17 ... 50:54 mins)

5) Clinical conditions related to the liver. (50:55 ... 52:05 mins)

6) Brief overview of jaundice. (52:06 ... 55:46 mins)

1. Overview of Gross Anatomy of Pancreas (00:00 … 01:42 mins)

2. Connection of Pancreatic Duct with Biliary System (01:43 … 04:34 mins)

3. Histological Arrangement of Exocrine Pancreas and its Function (04:35 … 11:26 mins)

4. Histological Structure of Acinar Cells (11:27 … 14:22 mins)

5. Histological Structure of Islets of Langerhans (14:23 … 16:02 mins)

6. Enzymes released by Exocrine Pancreas and their Function (16:03 … 20:36 mins)

7. Brief discussion on the Etiology of Pancreatitis (20:37 … 23:48 mins)

1. Introduction to the structure of eyeball (00:01…00:56min)

2: Detailed explanation on coats/Layers of the eyeball (00:57…17:38min)

3:Purpose of the three coats/layers of the eyeball (17:39…18:28min)

4: What are Lens, vitreous humor, and aqueous humor? (18:29…20:59min)

5: Review of the basic structure of the eyeball (21:00…23:12min)

1. Anatomical Location of Retina and its surrounding structures (00:00 … 05:06 mins)

2. Definition of Ora Serrata and its Anatomical Structure & Location (05:07 … 09:33 mins)

3. Definition of Ocular Fundus (09:34 … 11:21 mins)

4. Anatomical Location of Light-insensitive part of Retina (11:22 … 13:22 mins)

5. Embryological Development of Retina (13:23 … 23:19 mins)

6. Anatomical structures visible in Ocular Fundus on Fundoscopy (23:20 … 28:25 mins)

7. Differentiating Optic Disc from Macula Lutea on Fundoscopy and Review of their structures (28:26 … 43:41 mins)

8. Review of differences between Optic Disc and Macula Lutea (43:42 … 45:23 mins)

9. Blood Supply of Fovea Centralis (45:24 … 50:39 mins)

1. Review of Embryological Origin of Retina and its Significance in Retinal Detachment (00:00 … 04:57 mins) />2. Overview of types of cells in Retina (04:58 … 06:41 mins)

3. Histological structure of Retina and its function (06:42 … 30:29 mins)

a. Structure of Outer Retina (06:42 … 16:40 mins)

b. Structure of Inner Retina and Formation of Optic Nerve (16:41 … 24:02 mins)

c. Structure and Function of Plexiform Layers and their constituting cells (24:03 … 30:29 mins)

4. Neurotransmitters used in Neuronal cells of Retina (30:30 … 34:14 mins)

5. Glial cells of Retina and their Functions (34:15 … 44:13 mins)

a. Review of Neuronal cells of Retina (34:15 … 37:17 mins)

b. Muller cells and formation of Inner & Outer Liming Lamina (37:18 … 44:13 mins)

6. Explanation of all Layers of the Retina and their constituent cells (44:14 … 59:09 mins)

7. Review of concepts (59:10 … 01:01:15 mins)

1. Review of Histological Structure of Retina (00:00 … 05:02 mins)

2. Glial cells of Retina and their function (05:03 … 08:33 mins)

3. Functions of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (08:34 … 29:12 mins)

a. Contributing to Blood-Retina Barrier (08:34 … 17:09 mins)

b. Absorption of Extra Light (17:10 … 20:07 mins)

c. Maintains sensitivity of Photoreceptors (20:08 … 22:50 mins)

d. Turnover of Outer segment of Photoreceptors (22:51 … 26:37 mins)

e. Release of Growth Factors (26:38 … 28:02 mins)

f. Immunosuppressive effects (28:03 … 29:12 mins)

4. Comparison of Structure, Function, and Distribution of Rods & Cones (29:13 … 49:49 mins)

5. Factors causing High Visual Acuity in Fovea Centralis (49:50 … 56:00 mins)

6. Functions of Ganglion Cells of Retina (56:01 … 59:48 mins)

7. Brief discussion on the absence of Myelination of nerve fibers in the Retina (59:49 … 01:00:46 mins)

8. Review of Visual Pathways (01:00:47 … 01:10:47 mins)

9. Brief discussion on Branches of Central Retinal Artery and their significance as end-arteries (01:10:48 … 01:12:18 mins)

10. Function of Horizontal and Amacrine Cells of Retina (01:12:19 … 01:16:07 mins)