Main Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering

Pumps are classified into two groups according to their capacity and how they impart energy to the fluid. In this lecture, we will briefly talk about:

- Centrifugal Pumps and

- Positive Displacement Pumps;

As you got introduction with the "Classification of Pumps" session, we can go over the major pump types. Here in this video, we will:

- Learn about various pump types;

- Differ them by operation and working principles and

- Understand the basics of various types

One of the essential pump performance contributor is pump head, which directly affects its performance and therefore selection. This lecture is dedicated to:

- What is pump head?;

- How is it calculated and

- How does it affect the pump performance

In addition to Pump Head, other pump performance contributor is Cavitation, which directly impacts the pump internals and operation. This lecture will help you understand:

- What is Cavitation?;

- How is it related to NPSH, net positive suction head?

- How does the cavitation affect the pump performance

Another essential pump performance contributor is Net Positive Suction Head, NPSH, which impacts the cavitation probability, which in turn affects the pump performance. This video aims to help you learn about:

- How to calculate NPSH?;

- Relationship between NPSH and pump performance curve and

- What is the impact of NPSH on pump performance

The mostly utilized industrial type is Centrifugal Pump, which imparts a centrifugal force to the fluid for increasing the pressure of it. Via "Centrifugal Pumps" lesson, you will get into:

- The working principles and operation of this type and

- Types of centrifugal pumps

After learning about pump head, cavitation phenomenon and NPSH factors, we can move on to the Centrifugal Pump Performance Curves, which includes:

- Impact of Flow rate and Required Head on Pump Performance Curve;

- How pump performance curves are used to monitor pump operation and

- The relationship between pump performance and system curve to find out an operating point of the pump

As two essential pump performance contributors, importance of cavitation on pump performance curve is undeniable. In this lesson, we will lean about:

- Why is cavitation important on pump performance curve and

- How does changing NPSH affect the pump performance

As Pump Performance Curves are developed by vendors, system curves are more likely to be constructed by Engineers. Therefore, Pump System Curve and Capacity Control using both system and performance curves are essential. This session aims to go over:

- What is pump system curve?;

- How is constructed, read and developed and

- How to control pump capacity using system and performance curve relationship

After learning about pump system curve and capacity control using that, it would be better to work on Pump Capacity Control example, which will help you identify the importance of system curve on capacity control.

In industry, it is also likely to see the combination of multiple pumps used in operation. Therefore, it will be helpful to go over this session for getting essential practical information about:

- Pumps operated in series

- Pumps operated in parallel

- Why do pumps are operated in series/parallel?

- What is better choice and etc.

Another industrial pump type is Positive Displacement Pump, which imparts a reciprocating force to the fluid for increasing the pressure of it. Via "Positive Displacement Pumps" lesson, you will get into:

- The working principles and operation of this type and

- Types of PD/Reciprocating Pumps

After learning about pumps, we can go over the compressors which also a type of pressure changers in the industry, and aim to deliver the fluid (mainly gas or vapor) from one point to another by exerting extra energy on it. This video aims to give you brief information about:

• Rotary Compressors and their application in industry;

• Reciprocating Compressors and their application in industry and

• The essential factors for their operation and selection

In this session, we'll cover:

• Centrifugal Compressors and their application in industry;

• Axial Compressors and their application in industry and

• The essential factors for their operation and selection

When working with compressors, the power requirements should be considered which makes them different from pumps, indeed. The simple approach to power can alter by depending on the process happening in compressor that you will understand while watching this lecture which resembles:

• Gibb's equation and volume work;

• Isentropic and poly-tropic works and

• The application of the Mollier diagram to solve a specific problem

As it was noted in the previous lesson, isentropic compression works for an ideal case where entropy remains unchanged, however in reality nothing is like that. This time, the utilization of the compression phenomenon becomes necessary that we will cover during this video by adding the following subtopics inside:

• The difference between poly-tropic and isentropic processes;

• Generalized compressibility function and

• Isentropic and poly-tropic head calculations for compression

Although you got aware of compressors and their necessary factors, it will be beneficial to put some explanations about the compressor performance curve. This is significant because the performance curve will let you understand how your system behaves in various process scenarios. In this lesson, you will get into:

• The necessity of compressor performance curve and how it is plotted;

• How the capacity of the pump is controlled and

• Surge and Stonewall phenomena that might appear while operating compressors

Since you got short information about compressor capacity control, you will need to know the details of control. In this video, you will learn about:

• Why the capacity control is needed and installed;

• Capacity control techniques and

• Adding or Subtracting fixed clearance

You might think about the question of what if I want to separate two fluids into the different streams?" If you have really asked this question, you are on the right way! Separation of the two-phase mixture (vapor+liquid) has a vital role in processes and in this video, we will mainly go over this by working on:

• Separation and its significance;

• Fundamental theories about separation principle and

• Practical information about separator choice for process

As principles of separation theory are discussed, we can go through the common separation techniques used in industry. In this video, you will get into:

• Gravity Separation, Distillation;

• Sedimentation;

• Adsorption and Absorption and

• Liquid Extraction and Filtration

When you are dealing with the separation of various fluid types, you will need to know the phase behaviors and the diagrams associated with them. This video will help you understand:

• Why is phase diagram essential? and

• The application of diagrams into single-phase and multi-phase components

When you are dealing with the separation of various fluid types, you will need to know the phase behaviors and the diagrams associated with them. This video will help you understand:

• Gibbs rule for single-phase components and

• Bubble and dew point curves

After completing the sessions dedicated to the importance of phase diagrams, single and multi-components in phase diagrams and bubble/dew point curves, it would be great help to dive into the bubble and dew point calculations by going over:

• Three criteria leading to equilibrium;

• Raoult's and Antoine's law and their applications;

• Pressure and Temperature-composition diagrams

This session is to provide essential practical information about determination of K, vapor-liquid equilibrium constant, which is important to calculate as a part of flash calculation that you will learn next session. Here in this chapter, you will learn about:

• Methods for determination of K;

• Bubble and Dew point pressures shown on phase diagrams and

• Steps for calculating Bubble Point Pressure

Another essential part of gravity separation is a flash calculation which gives the compositions of vapor and liquid stream components precisely. This lecture aims to deliver:

• How the flash calculation is carried out and

• How is it calculated by using "What If" analysis on Microsoft Excel

You have got enough information to get started with separator selection for your process after watching the previous videos, now in this module, it is time to go over:

• Horizontal Separators and their application;

• Advantages and Disadvantages of Horizontal Separators;

• Vertical Separators and their application and

• Advantages and Disadvantages of Vertical Separators

You have got enough technical background about gravity separation starting from principles and techniques of separation, phase diagrams, flash calculation and selection criterion of separators. Now it is time to get into:

• - Common Operating Challenges when operating separators;

• - What is the impact of Paraffin as an operating challenge;

• - What is the impact of Sand particles as an operating challenge and

• - Common Separator Internals

You have acquired robust information about separators, their application areas, and the principle behind how they work. In this video, you will carefully work on the horizontal separator sizing and learn the sizing principle for separators by looking through:

• Sizing procedure and design parameters and

• Two main parameters for horizontal separator sizing

You have acquired robust information about separators, their application areas, and the principle behind how they work. In this video, you will carefully work on the horizontal separator sizing and learn the sizing principle for separators by looking through:

• The application of what you have learnt in previous session on a specific example

In this video, you will carefully work on the vertical separator sizing and learn the sizing principle for separators by looking through:

• Sizing procedure and design parameters;

• Two main parameters for vertical separator sizing and

• The application of them on a specific example

Since this course aims to deliver only needed and most significant topics for process engineers, there is no need for talking about the necessity of heat transfer. Heat transfer can help you to monitor the temperature change and transfer of heat between different mediums. This lesson is dedicated to:

• One of the heat transfer mechanism called "Conduction"

As you have gone through the first essential heat transfer mechanism, conduction, we can now move on to the second mechanism for heat transfer called "convection". Here in this lecture, you will learn about:

• What is Convection as a Heat Transfer Mechanism and

• How velocity profile is imposed externally on the system, when convection occurs

As you have gone through first two essential heat transfer mechanisms, conduction and convection, we can now move on to third one, called "radiation". This session aims to provide brief information about:

• What is Radiation as a Heat Transfer Mechanism and

• What is Thermal Radiation and its collaboration with Convection

Heat Transfer in practice does not undergo via only one mechanism, instead combination of two or three mechanisms occur in industry. This lesson is to provide practical knowledge about the combination of various heat transfer mechanisms by going over:

• What are the steps/mechanisms in heat-exchanger unit operation;

• How is overall heat transfer rate defined and

• What are the types of flow patterns in heat exchangers

The main heat transfer facilities are heat exchangers which have various types and work with different configurations to attain the desired amount of heat transfer mainly between two or more fluids. In this session, you will learn about:

• Heat transfer mechanism for heat exchangers;

• Various types of them and

• Which type is the most suitable one for industrial utilization and why?

In the previous video, you have learned about different types of heat exchangers and the reason why shell and tube heat exchangers are used more in industry. This lecture will give you brief information about:

• The importance of shell and tube heat exchangers;

• General guidelines about shell and tube sides of the heat exchanger and

• Several flow patterns and appropriate temperature profiles in the equipment

As you have completed the previous session and learned about importance of shell and tube heat exchangers, it would be significant to go over the common applications of this type in industry. Here in this video-lesson, you will learn about:

• Design standards that HX design is based on;

• Advantages of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers and

• Common Application Areas of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

After going over the common applications of shell and tube heat exchangers, we can move on to common internals of this equipment. In this video, you will learn about:

• Internals of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers;

• Arrangement of baffles and

• Tube Spacing for better heat transfer mechanism

Now it is time to collect what we have already learned: Heat or energy balance and heat exchangers. In this video, you will get into:

• The derivation of heat balance for heat exchangers;

• Example of LMTD calculation and

• Pinch analysis for exchanger networks

You have acquired robust information about heat exchangers, their application areas, and the principle behind how they work. In this video, you will:

• Carefully work on the shell & tube heat exchanger design and learn the sizing principle for heat exchangers;

• Learn about the factors that can affect heat transfer and

• Which configuration for heat exchanger internals can result in higher transfer rates

After looking through the essential steps for heat exchanger design, we can complete the course with effect of fouling and velocity on heat exchanger operation. In this video, you will get valuable knowledge on:

• What is fouling and how it affects the heat transfer rate and

• What is the impact of velocity on heat transfer rate