
Explore fundamentals and calculations of liquid rocket engine design, including thermodynamics and fluid dynamics. Develop specifications for engines like the Merlin 1D and model CAD designs with SolidWorks or Creo.
Analyze how propellant mass, flow rate, and feed systems drive thrust in liquid rocket engines, focusing on combustion chamber, throat, and nozzle, plus convergent/divergent flow and isentropic gas expansion.
Explore the rocket equation and delta-v calculation by analyzing mass loss, mass flow, and exhaust velocity, tracing its origins to Tsiolkovsky and its use in velocity change during fuel burn.
demonstrates how chemical rocket engines burn fuel and oxidizer in a precise o/f ratio to generate thrust via a superheated gas, using combustion chamber design and convergent-divergent nozzles.
Compute thrust from the momentum equation and mass flow rate, using ṁ v, while accounting for exit pressure, sea level versus vacuum, and nozzle length and flow effects.
Explore fluid dynamics and thermodynamics in liquid rocket engines, from combustion, heat release, and high pressure to throat and nozzle flow, isentropic and adiabatic conditions, and thrust generation.
Increase ejecting velocity to boost thrust by raising burning rate, which elevates chamber temperature and pressure without adding mass flow. The ejecting velocity equation links temperature and pressure to performance.
Analyze how the throat, the smallest flow area, converts pressure to kinetic energy via choking, with Mach near 1 and contraction ratio from chamber to throat guiding thrust via KF.
Explore convergent nozzle design and how Mach number governs velocity changes and volume contraction. Apply mass and momentum conservation to relate gas properties to nozzle volume.
Learn how nozzle expansion ratio controls exit pressure to match atmospheric pressure, avoiding under or over expansion, shockwaves, and instability for a straight exhaust plume.
Identify the characteristic length, elstar, as the chamber length for evaporation, mixing, and combustion. Consider stay time and wall thickness to withstand hoop stress and contraction ratio.
Explore rocket engine cooling systems, flame, dump, transpiration, ablative, radiation, and regenerative cooling, and how heat transfer and material selection with high melting points boost reliability.
Learn heat transfer from hot gas to the chamber wall through a stagnant boundary layer, using the gas-side heat transfer coefficient to estimate heat flux q with experimental determination.
Examine injector configurations for liquid rocket engines, including doublet and triplet injectors, impingement mixing, and how orifice count and Reynolds number influence mass flow and startup shutdown timing valves.
Explore the feed system of a liquid rocket engine, covering propellant tanks, inert gas pressure fill, cold gas, turbopump cycles, and the mass flow fraction m0 of fuel and oxidizer.
Define design requirements for a liquid rocket engine, including material selection, payload mass and dimension, altitude, thrust, propellant sizing for storage system, and nozzle geometry with bell and conical concepts.
Apply NASA propellant equilibrium analysis and CEA data to determine Merlin 1D engine dimensions. Iterate mixture ratios and chamber pressures to reach the stoichiometric point for high specific impulse.
Create the MERLIN 1D engine's CAD model to illustrate liquid rocket engine design fundamentals and calculations. Leverage scientific knowledge, technical ability, and materials to pursue the exploration of the universe.
INTRODUCTION
This session will cover the thermodynamics and fluid dynamics of rocket engines and the fundamental operation of rocket engines will be addressed, along with the feed system and cooling techniques. The main topic of discussion is thermal expansion of rocket propellant.
Introduction to Liquid Rocket Engine – Propellant Choice – Feed System – Cooling Techniques – Thermal Expansion – Gas Flow in Thrust Chamber and Nozzles.
DESIGN EQUATION
We'll talk about the mathematical formulas for rocket engines in this session. The rocket nozzle's contour is calculated using equations, which is more crucial for designing a smooth flow of superheated gas inside the engine and other essential requirements.
Ejecting Velocity – Nozzle Shape Design – Nozzle Expansion Area Ratio – Combustion Chamber Design – Injector Design – Pressure Feed System – Turbo Pump Feed System.
MODELLING
In this lesson, we'll talk about the fundamentals of 3D modelling tools and how to use them with the appropriate software. Additionally, calculations will be made in this session, and students will design the rocket engine tube using their newly acquired 3D modelling skills and the calculations they have generated.
3D Modelling Tools – Design Requirements – NASA’s CEARUN – Design Calculations – 3D Modelling.
COURSE OUTCOMES
Students are capable of comprehending the fundamentals of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics.
The design of rockets can be approached mathematically by students.
Students can design CAD models.