Linux - The Complete Linux Guide

Compare practical options to run Linux on macOS and Windows, including virtual machines with VirtualBox or VMware, remote cloud servers, and Docker Desktop to create Linux environments.

Install Docker Desktop on macOS or Windows, then create a Linux container by running docker run -it ubuntu to launch a root shell.

Explore shell, terminal, and command concepts in Linux, see how bash processes commands in a terminal, and note how different shells and environments like Docker and PowerShell vary.

Explore how to identify the active shell on a Linux computer and extract core system information using commands like echo $SHELL, uname -a, uname -r, uptime -p, and w.

Explore how the Linux shell recognizes commands by searching in the path, distinguishing executables, and using common tools like ls, echo, and less.

Learn to use the man utility to get help for Linux commands, locate the man binary, install man-db, and explore manual pages via terminal or online resources.

Master Linux command options and arguments, using short and long forms, and combining short options. View help or man pages for guidance, with examples like uname and hostname.

Learn to use command arguments and options, with short and long forms, consult --help or man pages, and mix arguments with commands like mkdir and rm, including recursive use.

discover how to use options and arguments with commands, including mandatory and optional arguments, long and short options, and formats with equals signs or spaces, demonstrated by the date command.

Explore how each command starts a process, distinguish short-lived ones like mkdir from long-running ones such as bash, and view options and arguments with man or --help.

Learn to list running processes using the ps command, observe bash and ps in an ubuntu container, and use -A or -e to show all processes.

Use top to monitor processes in real time, start additional processes (bash, ls, mkdir) and even inside containers with docker, observe process IDs, and terminate with kill.

Update apt-get, install htop with apt-get, verify its location with which in /usr/bin, and compare its real-time process monitoring with top.

Learn to use the htop utility to view and manage Linux processes, kill processes with F9 and sigterm, and customize meters, host name columns, colors, display options, and command column.

Explore process monitoring with ps f to reveal start commands, filter by user with ps options, and sort by memory while observing cpu and memory usage in docker environments.

Explore the three data streams of a running process—stdin, stdout, and stderr—and learn how they are inbound or outbound data, enabling redirection to different processes.

Discover how to redirect stdout and stderr to files using shell redirection, with examples to stdout dot txt and std error dot txt, and verify by reading the file contents.

Learn how Linux processes use stdin, stdout, and stderr, and how to redirect their outputs to files or combine streams in different scenarios.

Redirect stdout and stderr to files or other processes, and feed data to stdin. Learn how to use numeric streams 0, 1, 2 and piping between Linux processes.

pipe stdout into the stdin of a process with the pipe operator. note that stderr is not piped; redirecting with > writes stdout to a file hello.txt.

Explore the three data streams of each process: stdin, stdout, and stderr; learn to redirect stdout and stderr to files and to pipe data between processes.

Learn to navigate the Linux file system, create and remove files and directories, and manage essential file operations across directories.

Explore the linux file system structure, root and home directories, and navigate with absolute and relative paths using cd and pwd, plus dot and two dots.

Distinguish directories, files, and links using color cues and the ls options. Navigate absolute and relative paths, inspect permissions and sizes, and reveal hidden files with ls -la.

List root contents with ls and ls -la to view permissions and hidden files, explore key directories like Etsy and bin, and practice safe file placement in /root or /home.

Create and remove directories and files in Linux using mkdir, rm -r, and touch, navigate with cd and ls, and write or read file contents with redirection.

Learn how to create and edit new text files in Linux shell using touch, echo redirection, and editors like nano and vim, with examples of modification times.

Learn to install vim and nano on linux, edit files with vim's insert mode and nano's editing, and save or quit using vim commands and ctrl-x respectively.

Copy and move files and directories using cp and mv, including recursive copies, renaming, and copying directory contents with wildcards, while checking permissions and sizes.

Learn to read files on Linux using cut, head, tail, more, and tail -f to monitor live changes, including creating a large file and redirecting input.

Demonstrates filtering command output with grep using pipes from ls and cut, explores regular expressions, start and end line anchors, and introduces hard vs soft links.

Explore soft versus hard links in linux, and how inodes determine shared file references. See how grep filtering and ls -l reveal link targets, sizes, and permissions.

Explore hard and soft links in Linux, learn to create a soft link with ln -s and a hard link, compare inode sharing, permissions, and content updates.

Explore how the find command searches for files and directories using a path argument and a rich expression of options, such as -name, -type, and -print.

Learn to use the find command, its options and expressions, locate pdf and txt files with -name, and understand dot and dot dot for current and parent directories.

Learn advanced find command usage to locate files with specific extensions, search in absolute or current directories, and view results with -ls while filtering by type, size, and permissions.

Learn how to combine the find command with -exec to run other commands on each result, using braces and escaped semicolons, then see how xargs pipes results for txt files.

Learn to use xargs to pass output from find or ls as arguments to other commands, enabling piping, stdin, and stdout interactions with cut and cat.

Learn to pipe the find command output to xargs to list contents of directories whose names contain kernel, using -name, -type d, and -exec or xargs with ls -l.

Learn how tar creates and manages archives and how gzip compresses them, enabling you to create, extract, and list tar archives, and understand tar.gz formats in Linux.

Learn to create and manage tar archives, including compressing with gzip, listing contents, and extracting from archives using tar options such as -c, -f, -z, -t, -x, and -v.

Learn to sort directory listings with ls by size, time, and extension, using -S, --sort, and -h, and compare default name sorting to customized options.

Sort the contents of text files with the sort utility, sort numbers with -n, apply reverse order, and save results with -o or redirection, while optionally keeping only unique values.

Master Linux user management: create and log in as new users, create files for them, and adjust permissions and ownership, and note root and home directories.

Discover how to create Linux users with useradd and adduser, set passwords with passwd, create home directories automatically, configure default shells, and remove users with userdel -r.

Create a new user with the adduser command, which auto-creates a home directory and group, prompts for a password, and sets the default shell to bash.

Learn how to change file ownership in Linux, moving a file from root to Bogdan and adjusting its group, and apply recursive ownership to all inner files and directories.

Explains Linux file permissions, owner, group, others, and how to view and modify them using numeric modes (000, 400, 700, 755) by adding or removing read, write, execute.

Create an executable shell script with a shebang, set permissions, and run it via absolute, relative, or PATH-based invocation.

Learn how to create users, modify permissions for files and directories, change ownership, create scripts, and make them executable from anywhere by adding the scripts folder to your path.

Explore Linux networking fundamentals by verifying host IP addresses, checking remote connectivity with ping, nslookup, and traceroute, and enabling and using SSH to connect to Linux servers remotely.

Learn to verify connectivity to remote servers with ping, traceroute, and nslookup, resolve hostnames to IP addresses including IPv6 via DNS, and retrieve whois details for domains.

Enable ssh on a linux computer, install openssh-server, start the sshd service, and connect remotely, including via docker with port mapping and adding a non-root user.

Connect to a docker container remotely via ssh, map the container's port 22 to localhost, log in as Bogdan, and enable root login by editing sshd_config and restarting ssh service.

Install curl with apt-get, then use curl to fetch a google.com web page and follow redirects. Use wget to download files and save pages to a file.