Linux Basics For Beginners.

Learn to navigate the Linux filesystem with pwd and cd, locating current directories, root, and home. Practice creating directories and moving with cd variants such as .. and ~.

Identify absolute vs. relative paths in the Linux file tree, starting from root with /, and navigate using cd and pwd examples like /etc and /etc/ntp.

Use the tab key for path completion in bash to auto-expand destinations like /etc and /etc/ntp, noting case sensitivity and the benefits of relative paths, verified by pwd.

Explore how the ls command lists directory contents, shows details with -l, reveals hidden files with -a, and recurses with -R in Linux.

Learn to create and delete directories in Linux using mkdir (including -p for nested dirs), rmdir for empties, and rm -rf for removals.

Learn how Linux file names are case sensitive, demonstrated with nilelinux.txt versus NILELINUX.txt and the cat command revealing different contents.

Linux treats everything as a file, including directories, devices, and processes. Use the file command with the magic file to identify file types, and note that access depends on permissions.

Learn how to use the touch command to create empty files, verify them by listing the directory, and adjust file timestamps with the -t option.

Use the rm command to delete files and directories, noting deletions are permanent without a recycle bin; use -i for confirmation and -r to remove directories such as dir02.

Learn cp basics by copying files and directories with source and target arguments and options. Use -r for recursive copies and -i to avoid overwriting.

Use the mv command to rename and move files or directories, including combining rename and move operations, targeting the /tmp directory, and using -I to prevent overwriting existing files.

Explore how to view text file content with head to display the first lines and tail to show the last lines. Use examples like /etc/passwd and options -4 and -3.

Master the cat command to display, concatenate, and copy files, using redirection and ctrl-d to end input. Contrast tac, the reverse of cat, to view reversed output.

master the less command for viewing large files page by page, compare it with more, navigate with space and arrows, search with /, and exit with q.

Learn how the bash shell history records commands, and reuse them with history, bang bang, and control-r, while adjusting histsize and histfile and noting how exit behavior saves history.

Learn how grep filters lines by a string, use -i for case-insensitive matches, and -v to show non-matching lines, demonstrated with a tennis.txt example.

Search for files using the find command with -name and -iname in the current directory or /tmp, then compare with locate, which relies on a database updated by updatedb.

Learn how to use the date, cal, time, and sleep commands to view and set dates, display calendars, measure command duration, and manage script waits with root user permissions.

Compare gzip and bzip2 for text file compression, using gunzip and bunzip2 to decompress, and observe that bzip2 achieves smaller sizes (1.6 mb vs 2.4 mb) on bigfile.txt.

archive directories with tar using -c and -f to create dir.tar, then compress with gzip or bzip2 to dir.tar.gz or dir.tar.bz2, list with -t, and extract with -x.