Let’s Master Paediatric Surgery [2023 Guidelines]

In today’s video, we look at the differential diagnoses (conjugated vs unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia [with and without haemolysis]) of neonatal jaundice.

In today’s video, we look at the differences between physiological and pathological jaundice in neonates, the investigations and treatment.

In today’s video, we look at HPS (presentation [projectile non-bilious vomiting], special investigations [sonar, barium contrast, blood tests] and treatment) which is one of the causes of neonatal bowel obstruction.

In today’s video, we look at the differences between GOR and GORD, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation [24 hour pH probe], management, differential diagnoses, indications for surgery and the surgical technique [Nissen fundoplication - 360 degrees].

In today’s video, we look at incarcerate and strangulated hernias (clinical presentation, history and treatment) and hydroceles.

In today’s video, we look at inguinal hernias (incidence, embryology, clinical presentation, history, complications and treatment).

In today’s video, we look at bolchadek (posterolateral hernias) and morgagni (retrosternal hernias) congenital hernias.

In today’s video, we look at the presentation (distended abdomen, no meconium passed in 24 hours, constipation, explosive stool on rectal exam), diagnosis (abdominal X-ray and constrast study), embryology, definition, pathophysiology, histology (aganglionic cells) and treatment for Hirshprung’s Disease.

In today’s video, we look at the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of oesophageal atresias.

In today’s video, we go through the presentation, associated abnormalities, sac contents and treatment for an omphalocoele (intact vs ruptured membrane).

In today’s video, we summarise the key differentiating factors between an omphalocoele and a gastroschisis patient.

In today’s video, we go through the presentation, treatment and long term outcomes of gastroschisis patients.

In today’s video, we go through one of the causes of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in a newborn (swallowed maternal blood), the diagnostic test (APT test) and how to differentiate between maternal and foetal blood.

In today’s video, we discuss the haemorrhagic disease of the newborn ( coffee ground gastric aspirate, treated with Vitamin K intravenously).

In today’s video, we go through the presentation (coffee ground aspirate), presenting circumstances (stressful delivery, resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, premature delivery), investigations (APT test, coagulation studies) and the treatment (H2 receptor blockers) of stress gastritis.

In today’s video, we look at the presentation (feeding intolerance, blood per rectum, bilious vomiting), infants at risk (premature, formula fed), diagnosis (pneumoperitoneum, pneumatosis intestinalis, bowel wall thickening, portal venous gas) and treatment of NEC.

In today’s video, we look at polyps (painless rectal bleeding, usually in the distal colon, can be subdivided into Adenomas and harmatomas) and anal fissures (bright red bleeding per rectum, can be mixed with stool, stool softeners are the preferred treatment modality) in the paediatric population group.

In today’s video, we look at the resuscitation principles ( ringers lactate, crystalloids, somatostatin analogue), common causes of GI bleeding (haemorrhaged disease of the newborn, milk protein allergy etc) and a summary of the history and physical examination of a patient who presents with GI bleeding.

In today’s video, we look at high (males, present with bowel obstruction, no fistula) vs low (females, fistula present with no bowel obstruction) anorectal malformations.

In today’s video, we compare the presentation of upper (proximal to the ligament of treitz, presents with haematemesis) vs lower (distal to the ligament of treitz, presents with melena or hematochezia or rectorrhagia) gastrointestinal tract bleeding.

In today’s video, we look at the differences between duodenal atresia (early bile stained vomiting, associated with heart defects, VACTERL), jejunal atresia (bile stained vomiting, multiple fluid levels) and meconium Ileus (looks like hirshprungs disease) .

In today’s video, we look at neonatal bowel obstruction. High obstruction typically presents with early vomiting and abdominal distension is primarily absent. Low bowel obstruction presents with late vomiting, abdominal distension and failure to pass meconium.

In today’s video, we look at the transport (nasogastric tube, aluminium foil/space blanket, oxygen, stabilise {hydration, hypoglycaemia, hypothermia, hypotension, hypoxia}, IV fluids, documents, escort with doctor) of a neonate.

Finally, we conclude this course by testing ourselves with the most commonly asked questions in paediatric surgery examinations! Good luck, I hope you ace the Test!