Japanese Conversation for English Speakers 5

You will be able to learn expressions with different formality - (more casual), causal, neutral and formal levels 

• obligation expressions  

   <formal> 1) pre-nai form + nakereba naranai / narimasen    2) pre-nai form + nakutewa naranai / narimasen 

   <neutral> 1) pre-nai form + nakereba ikenai / ikemasen       2) pre-nai form + nakutewa ikenai / ikemasen  
                    3)  pre-nai form + naito ikenai / ikemasen

   <casual>  1) pre-nai form + nakereba dame da / desu          2) pre-nai form + nakutewa dame da / desu
                    3) pre-nai form + naito dame da / desu

   <more casual> pre-nai form + naito / nakucha 
                 

•  prohibition expressions

  <formal> te-form + wa naranai / narimasen 

  <neutral> 1) te-form + wa ikenai / ikemasen           2) te-form - te + cha ikenai / ikemasen              3) te-form - de + ja ikenai / ikemasen

  <casual>  1) te-form + wa dame da / desu             2) te-form - te + cha dame da / desu        or        te-form - de + ja dame da / desu

You will be able to learn explanatory particles - no desu / n desu / no da / n da  

•    <basic form>  

         plain form of verb or I-adjective + no desu / n desu / no da / n da

         noun or Na-adjective + nan desu / nan da 

•    <5 functions>  

         It can be used for 1) Reason, 2) Interpretation, 3) Discovery, 4) Summary (rewording), and 5) Preliminarily Remark.

•    <alternative forms>  

         plain form of verb or I-adjective + no 

         noun or Na-adjective + nano   [*These sound more feminine.]  

You will be able to learn how to express various levels of certainty.

• < higher > plain form + hazu da / hazu desu or ni chigai nai / ni chigai arimasen (= must / should be...) 

                             plain form + kamo / kamo shirenai / kamo shiremasen (= may / might be...)   

• < lower > plain form + daroo / deshoo (= perhaps... ) 

You will be able to learn causal clauses with node.

• < basic form >

     causal clause ( plain form / polite form + node ), main clause  [*review - causal clause part 1: kara ] 

• <which to use, node or kara? > 

     node should be used in formal conversation.

     kara should be used in the following sentences:    

      1) when using daroo / deshoo together 

      2) when using a special sentence pattern = plain form + no wa _______ kara da / desu.

      3) when asking a reason in the question: ______ kara, [ main clause ] ? 

You will be able to learn the way of combining two sentences (A and B)  →   A (negative sentence) + B (either negative or positive sentence).

• < basic form > 

    A - verb (pre-nai form) + naide / zuni  + B =  without (doing)  

                                      →  express 1) sequential actions,  2) means, or 4) parallel actions in negative form 

    A - verb (pre-nai form)* + nakute  + B = not doing but            *nouns and adjectives also can be put before nakute

                                      → express 3) reasons or 4) parallel actions in negative form  

You will be able to learn the way of expressing simultaneous actions.

• what is the difference between simultaneous actions and parallel actions? 

    < basic form 1 >         *verb ( pre-masu form ) + nagara  =  while doing     

                                                  *verb indicating actions which take a while, NOT momental actions 

    < basic form 2  >        **verb ( past-plain form ) + mama = while doing           

                                                   **the verb indicating resultant states    

You will be able to learn expressions for judgements (1) based on appearances.

• < basic form >     *adjective + soo da / soo desu = seem / look + adjective *I-adjective - i  (←remove 't') 

                                          verb ( pre-masu form ) + soo da / soo desu = seem to / apparently + verb 

• < negative form 1 >      adjective / verb + soo ni(mo) nai / soo ni(mo) arimasen 
• < negative form 2 >   **adjective / verb + nasa soo da / nasa soo desu        ** I-adjective - i + ku 

You will be able to learn expressions for judgements (2) based on situations.

•       < basic form 1 > adjective / noun / verb (dictionary form) + mitai da / mitai desu = it seems ... 

                 < basic form 2 > Na-adjective + na / noun + no / verb (dictionary form) or I-adjective + yoo da / yoo desu = it seems ...  

                     *< basic form 2 > is more casual than < basic form 1 >

•        < negative form > adjective / noun / verb in negative form + mitai da / mitai desu or yoo da / yoo desu

                  < a little more formal > marude + adjective / noun / verb (dictionary form) + mitai da / mitai desu

You will be able to learn expressions for judgments (3) based on other people's information (hearsay).

• < basic form > complete sentence + soo da / soo desu = I heard / read that ... 

        Don't be confused with expressions for judgement (1) based on appearances! 

• < additional expressions > _____ ni yoru to = according to (source of information ) 

                                                            _____ ga iu niwa = according to (source of information - people) 

You will be able to learn expressions for ambiguous judgements (4) based on situations and hearsay.

• < basic form > adjective / noun / verb (dictionary form) + rashii / rashii desu = it seems ... 

                                             1]  more ambiguous than expressions for judgements (2) and (3).

                                              2]  unclear source of information than (3) 

                                              3]  more casual expression than (2) and (3) 

                                              4] marude can't be used together 

• < subjective expression + rashii / rashii desu > can express other people's feelings such as desires

You will be able to learn how to make partial negative expressions. 

• What is partial negative expression? - It indicates supplementary information is wrong.
  
  
•       < basic form 1 >  plain form + no dewa arimasen / de wa nai (desu) or nja arimasen / nja nai (desu)

                < basic form 2 >  plain form + wake dewa arimasen / de wa nai (desu) or wake ja arimasen / wake ja nai (desu)

                < basic form 3 >  kanarazu shimo + plain form + towa kagiranai / towa kagirimasen 

                                          __________ kara to itte, + plain form + towa kagiranai / towa kagirimasen

You will be able to learn how to make double negative expressions. 

• What is double negative expression? - Negative form is used twice in a sentence.
  
                                                                        The nuance is closer to negative sentences, not positive sentences.

•       < basic form 1 >  nai form - i + ku (mo/wa) arimasen / - i + ku (mo/wa) nai (desu) 

                < basic form 2 >  nai form + koto (mo/wa) arimasen / koto (mo/wa) nai (desu) 

•       < extra >  double partial negative expression = negative + partial negative 

                                                                                 The nuance is closer to positive sentences, rather than negative sentences.

You will be able to learn super polite expressions with honorific form (1),

• What is the honorific form? - It can show your respect to a particular person. 

          < honorific form 1 >  o + verb ( pre-masu form ) + ni naru / ni narimasu 

          < honorific form 2 > exceptions - e.g. iku → irassharu / irrashaimasu (*you need to remember honorific form of exception verb each.) 

          < honorific form 3 > passive form [= verb (pre-nai form) + rareru / raremasu ] 

                     ↑ this alternative form is more casual than honorific (1) and (2) 
                    *you should not use it for G2 verbs to avoid confusion because G2's passive form and potential form are the same.
                    *you should not use it for verb kuru to avoid confusion because kuru's passive form and potential form are the same.

You will be able to learn super polite expressions with honorific form (2),

• direct honorific requests 

                < basic form >  honorific verb - ni naru [= o + verb ( pre-masu form )] + kudasai                                    

                < exceptions > honorific verb* (te-form) + kudasai    

                                                    honorific verb* - <honorific form 2 > you learned in the lesson 13

• indirect honorific requests           

                 < basic form >  honorific verb - ni naru [= o + verb ( pre-masu form )] + kudasau ? / kudasai masu ka?                                    

                < exceptions > honorific verb* (te-form)  + kudasau ? / kudasai masu ka? 

                                                     honorific verb* - <honorific form 2 > you learned in the lesson 13

     [Extra]   indirect honorific requests sound too polite...we often use the following alternative form:

                      <alternative form >  honorific verb - ni naru [= o + verb ( pre-masu form )] + itadake masu ka?    

                                                     honorific verb* (te-form)  + itadake masu ka? 

                                                            honorific verb* - <honorific form 2 > you learned in the lesson 13

You will be able to learn super polite expressions with humble form (1),

• What is the humble form? - It can show your respect to a recipient of your action by humbling yourself.       

•        < humble form 1 >  o or go + verb ( pre-masu form ) + suru / shimasu 

                   Please make sure humble form 1 needs a recipient of your action! 

You will be able to learn super polite expressions with humble form (2),