Japanese Conversation for English Speakers 3 <+31 Quizzes >

You will be able to learn how to express the existence of inanimate objects 

• Animate objects and Inanimate objects 
• Basic form: (+)____ ga arimasu (-) ____ wa arimasen (?) ____ ga arimasu ka?
• Place of the object + ni + ____ ga arimasu
• Question word: nani + ga arimasu ka?
• Question word: doko + ni + ____ ga arimasu ka?

You will be able to learn other expressions (to express possession of the following things)  

1. abstract things (e.g. jikan (=time), shitsumon (=questions))
2. events and happenings (e.g. tesuto (=test), omatsuri (=festival))
3. numerical expressions (e.g. 38-do (=38 degrees), taijuu (=weight))

• [extra] other expressions for possession for A) specific things B) adjective + body parts

You will be able to learn the difference between 'ga arimasu' and 'wa arimasu'

• 'wa' can be used when the speaker is talking about something / someone which the speaker and the listener both know about 
• 'wa' can't be used with nani

You will be able to learn how to count objects with counters.

• Numbers in Chinese ways and Japanese ways
• 10 Various counters
• How to put counters in a sentence 1) before the object or 2) after the object 
• How to ask the number of the object - 'Nan + Counter...? ' 

You will be able to learn expressions (number + counters + particles) to add a nuance.

• number + counter + particle 'mo'  - indicates surprise because of the amount 
• number + counter + particle 'dake' - can express you voluntarily limit something
• number + counter + particle 'shika' - can express you reluctantly limit something
• particle 'bakari' - can express a large amount or the high frequency 
• [ extra ] particle 'bakari' with progressive form (te-form + iru) 

You will be able to learn expressions with the particle 'kara' 

There are 4 functions:

1. to express starting points (*already covered in the section 2) 
2. to express sources 
3. to express row materials 
4. to express states before changes 

You will be able to learn expressions for existence of animate objects

• Basic form: (+)____ ga imasu (-) ____ wa imasen (?) ____ ga imasu ka?
• Place of the object + ni + ____ ga imasu

You can continuously learn expressions for existence of animate objects.

• Question word: nani / dare + ga imasu ka?
• Question word: doko + ni + ____ ga imasu ka?
• [ extra ] Other meanings - expression for possession: e.g. I have a kind boyfriend

Also, you can learn the difference between 'ga imasu' and 'wa imasu'

• 'wa' can be used when the speaker is talking about something / someone which the speaker and the listener both know about 
• 'wa' can't be used with nani / dare

You will be able to learn expressions with the particle 'de'

There are 6 functions.

1. to express places of actions (*already covered in the section 1) 
2. to express means / tools / materials (*already covered in the section 1) 
3. to express reasons (causation)
4. to express a range / period of time
5. to express amounts (quantity) 
6. to express states 

You will be able to learn two types of verbs.

• Transitive verbs and In-transitive verbs
• Comparisons - transitive verbs vs in-transitive verbs 
• Verbs which can become both transitive and in-transitive verbs

You will be able to learn how to express change of states.

• *____ ni naru - to express the change of your states
• ( Others ) o *____ ni suru - to express the change of others' states   

      *states - Noun or Na-adjective / I-adjective - i 

You will be able to learn how to express change of states (2).

•  *____ yoo ni naru - to express the change of your states
• *____ yoo ni suru - to express the change of your states with efforts
• ( Others ) ga *____ yoo ni suru - to express the change of others' states

     *States: verbs - dictionary-form or nai-form

[ extra ] how to express decisions 

You will be able to learn expressions using the particle 'wa' and 'ga' in the same sentence. 

• 'wa' works as the subject of the sentence while 'ga' as the object with certain verbs and adjectives such as...

1. suki-desu (=to like)
2. kirai-desu (=to dislike)
3. hoshi-i desu (=to want)
4. wakaru (=to understand)
5. iru (=to need)
6. joozu-desu (=to be good at)
7. heta-desu (=to be poor at) 

You will be able to make noun phrases (from sentences).

• dictionary-form + particle 'no' 
• dictionary-form + koto
• what is the difference between 'dictionary-form + no' and + 'koto'? (which to be used?)

You will be able to learn expressions using the particle 'wa' and 'ga' in the same sentence (2).

• 'wa' works as a topic maker while 'ga' describes a nature / character of the topic with all the adjectives.  
• [ extra ] 'topic + particle 'no' + subject + wa + adjective' 

You will be able to learn a question word 'dotch' (=which).

• Dotch + 'ga' _____ desu ka? (= which of the two is ____? )
• Dore + 'ga' _____ desu ka? (= which among many* is ____? ) *more than three 
• Dochira as a politer form - interchangeable with 'dotch' and 'dore' 

You will be able to learn comparison forms using adjectives.

• [ A ] + wa + [ B ] + yori + adjective (= A is more adjective than B.)
• [ A ] + wa + [ B ] + hodo + adjective* (= A is not as adjective as B.) *negative form
• [ A ] + to + [ B ] to / dewa + dotch + ga + adjective*? (= Which is more adjective, A or B? ) *question form - [answer] [ A ] + wa + [ B ] + no hoo + ga + adjective
• [ extra ] what is the difference between [ A ] 'yori' ...and [ A ] 'no hoo' ... ? 

You will be able to learn comparison forms using adverbs.

• how to make adverbs from adjectives 
• [ A ] + wa + [ B ] + yori + adverb + verb (= A does (verb) more adverb than B.)
• [ A ] + wa + [ B ] + hodo + adverb + verb* (= A does not (verb) as adverb as B.) *negative form
• [ A ] + to + [ B ] to / dewa + dotch + ga + adverb + verb*? (= Which does (verb) more adverb, A or B? ) *question form - [answer] [ A ] + wa + [ B ] + no hoo + ga + does (verb) adverb

You will be able to learn other comparison forms using adjectives and adverbs.

• [ A ] + wa + [ B ] + to onaji kurai + adjective / adverb + verb (= A is as adjective as / does (verb) as adverb as B.)
• [ A ] + wa + <range> + no naka de + ichi-ban + adjective / adverb + verb.  (= A is the most adjective in the range. / A does (verb) the most adverb in the range.) 

I will be able to learn expressions: te-form + iku or kuru.

1. to express manner of motion
2. to express motion with the states
3. to express something is transferred to your place (only used with kuru)
4. to express a time flow form the past to the future  

[ review ] iku and kuru 

You will be able to learn potential form to express ablity. 

[ review ] how to express ability (1.dictionary-form + ga deki-masu / 2.potential form )

• how to make potential form (for G1/G2/irregular verbs) 
• other expressions - to express situations and attributes (-able)
• [ advanced topic ] particle 'o' and 'ga' for direct objects

You will be able to learn the particle 'o' and 'ga' with desire-form (-tai desu).

[ review ] desire-form (-tai desu)

• the particle 'o' vs 'ga' with desire-form (interchangeable)
• exceptions: you can use the particle 'ga' 
  1) when choosing something from options 2) when doing routine actions
  (*Actually the particle o' can be used but 'ga' sounds more natural)
  
  
• exceptions: you can use only the particle 'o'
  1) when using the politer form (-mi tai desu) 2) when there are other elements between 'o' and verbs 

You will be able to learn command form (1) and (2).

• How to make command form (1) and (2) 
• When do you use command form (1)?  - used in intense situations 
  What is the negative command form? - dictionary-form + na
• When do you use command form (2)? - used from superior people to inferior people in status
  What is the negative command form? - 1) antonyms 2) dictionary-form + no + o + yame-nasai 
• command form + particle 'yo' 

You will be able to learn expressions with the particle 'ga' (1) 

• To express vivid description in a certain situation*
  *the situation often happens when saying Look! Listen! Watch out! ,etc. in English

You will be able to learn expressions with the particle 'ga' (2).

• Question words* + 'ga' ____ ?  *As the subject of the sentence  

You will be able to learn the difference between the particle 'wa' and 'ga'.

• identifier particle 'ga' - when a subject is restricted to only one thing
• topic particle 'wa' - when a subject is a topic of the sentence

You will be able to learn the difference between the particle 'wa' and 'ga'(2).

• particle 'ga' - indicating new information
• particle 'wa' - indicating old information, and also expressing contrast 

You will be able to learn passive expressions with passive form.

• how to make passive form (G1/G2/ Irregular verbs)
• passive expressions - basic sentence form (1) (2) (3) (4)
• [ extra ] indirect passive expressions 

You will be able to learn various expression with the verb 'kagiru'.

• 'kagiru' can express various limitation with different nuances depending on the following form (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 

1. masu-form - [ A ] ni kagiri-masu
2. te-form - [ A ] ni kagitte
3. pre-masu form - [ A ] ni kagiri
4. pre-masu form + ni - [ A ] o kagiri ni 
5. pre-nai form + zu - [ A ] ni kagira zu

You will be able to learn several ways to express addition with different nuances 

1. [ A ] dake de naku [ B ] 
2. [ A ] bakari ka [ B ] 
3. [ A ] wa mochiron no koto [ B ] 
4. [ A ] dokoro ka [ B ] 

You will be able to quickly review expressions that you learned in the section 3!