Japanese conversation for English speakers 2 <lesson + quiz>

You will be able to learn 4 basic forms of verbs: Dictionary-form, Masu-form, Te-form, and Nai-form.

- Dictionary-form 

- 14 representative verbs in Group 1, 2 and Irregular verbs  

You will be able to learn how to make Masu-form from Dictionary-form in Group 1, 2 and Irregular verbs.

You will be able to learn expressions for ability with Dictionary-form.

- Dictionary-form + koto ga deki-masu  [ can / be able to ...] (*present / future tense)

- Dictionary-form + koto ga deki-mashita [could / was or were able to ...] (*past tense)

You will be able to learn how to make Te-form from Dictionary-form in Group 1, 2 and Irregular verbs.

You will be able to learn expressions for positive requests with Te-form.

- Te-form + kudasai  [ please ... / can you...?] 

- Doozo + Te-form + kudasai [ please ... / could you...?] 

 [ extra ] (1) positive requests with different formality

              (2) positive requests + particle 'ne' and 'yo' - adding a nuance   

You will be able to learn the adverb Zehi to emphasise desire or positive request expressions.

- Zehi + desire form (___ tai-desu) [ I really want to... / I would love to ....] 

- Zehi + positive request form (Te-form + kudasai) [ I would love you to... / Definitely please... ] 

You will be able to learn progressive form with Te-form for continuing actions or something going on now.

- Te-form + i-masu [ be + ____ ing...] (*present / future tense) 

- Te-form + i-mashita [ was or were + ____ ing...] (*past tense) 

You will be able to learn progressive form with Te-form for regular actions. 

- Adverbs (e.g. fudan, itsumo, tokidoki, etc.) + Te-form + i-masu

<other expressions with progressive form>

 (1) Expressions for on-going states (e.g. omise wa konde-imasu. [the shop is crowded.])

 (2) Expressions for resultant states 
       - shiru (to know) (e.g. watashi wa kono nuusu o shitte-imasu. [I know this news.])

[ extra ] 

 (1) progressive form of iku and kuru 

 (2) mada + negative progressive form -> negative present perfect form

You will be able to learn the differences between Hai and Ee depending on conversation.

- Hai is used when (1) showing agreement [yes], (2) showing presence [yes], (3) drawing someone's attention and (4) serving something to someone 

- Ee is also showing agreement [yap], but is less formal than Hai

You will be able to learn expressions for permission / prohibition with Te-form.

- Te-form + mo ii desu [ you may / can ... ] 

- Te-form + wa ike-masen [ you may not / must not...]

[ extra ] 

- more modest request - Te-form + wa ikemasen ka?

- to express your volition with negative attitude - Te-form + mo ii desu

You will be able to learn how to use Te-form as a conjunction. 

  __________ + Te-form, ___________. (one sentence) 
  __________. Shoshite, __________. (two sentences)

- Te-form can combine two or more verbs in a sentence to express sequential actions or states [ + show reasons or means ] 

- Te-form can also express parallel  actions

[ extra ] Te-form of adjectives - combining two or more adjectives 

- Useful expressions - connective adverbs; mazu [=first of all] and tsugi ni [=next] 

You will be able to learn how to make Nai-form from Dictionary-form in Group 1, 2 and Irregular verbs.

You will be able to learn expressions for negative requests with Nai-form.

- Nai-form + de kudasai [ please don't .... ]

[ extra ] negative requests with different formality

You will be able to learn the conjunction kara to show reasons and how to ask reasons with a question word

Basic Form: << Causal Clause >> + kara,  << Main Clause >>. 

- kara can works like because / since / ...so... in English

- how to connect verbs / adjectives / nouns with kara 

- a similar expression - dakara 

- how to ask reasons with a question word: dooshite (=why...?)

[ extra ] question words with different formality 

You will be able to learn the particle E [ towards, to ] to show a direction of the action.  

Please make sure that Particle Ni and E are Not always exchangeable.

You will be able to learn the interrogative pronoun Donna to ask "what kind of...?"

- Donna + Noun .... ?  [ what kind of (Noun) ... ? ]  

- Konna [this type of...] / Sonna [that type of ... ] / Anna [that type over there of.. ]  

You will be able to learn other verbs in Group 1 than the 10 representative verbs.

You will be able to learn other verbs in Group 2 and Irregular verbs than the 2 representative verbs each.

Please be careful about some exceptions, too.

You will be able to learn expressions for possibility with Dictionary-form.

- Dictionary-form + kamo shire-masen [ might ] 

* No negative form 

You will be able to learn pre-masu form expressions meaning (do) too much / many of nouns.

- Pre masu-form + sugi masu (*present / future tense )

- Pre masu-form + sugi mashita (* past tense )

- Adjectives (I-adjectivses and Na-adjectivs) + sugi masu 

- interchangeable expression: sugi desu = sugi masu 

Also, you can learn how to use pre-masu form as conjunction like te-form. 

You will be able to learn expressions for obligation with Pre Nai-form.

- Pre Nai-form + nakereba nari-masen [ must / have to...] (*present / future tense )

- Pre Nai-form + nakereba nari-masen deshita [ had to...] (*past tense )

*Negative Obligation - Pre Nai-form + nakute mo ii-desu [ don't have to...]

You will be able to learn expressions meaning try ___ ing with Te-form.

- Te-form + mi-masu (*present / future tense ) 

- Te-form + mi-mashita (*past tense ) 

You will be able to learn 2 different suggestion forms. 

- ____ masen + ka?  [ why don't you...? ] 

- Te-form + mi-masen ka? 

You will be able to learn another desire form with Te-form.

-  Te-form + mi-tai desu [ would like to / wish to...]  

You will be able to learn the particle Kara and Made.

- Kara is showing a starting point of time or places [ from ] 

- Made is showing a limit of time or places [ to, as far as, until ]

You will be able to learn the interrogative pronoun dono kurai to ask about the amount /extent /degree of something. 

- Dono kurai + (adjective / adverb) desu ka?  [ about how (adjective / adverb ] is ...? ] 

*Useful Expression -
1) [ A ] kara [ B ]  made  wa dono kurai desu ka?
                    [= About how far is it / how long doest it take form  [ A ] to [ B ] ?] 

2) [ A ] kara [ B ]  made  wa dono kurai kakari-masu ka? 
                    [= About how much does it cost / how long doest it take form  [ A ] to [ B ] ?]

- A span of time ( hours / minutes ) <-- --> Clock time (o'clock / minutes )

[ extra ] similar interrogative pronoun doo to seek 1) a specific description or degree 2) a specific manner or method, or 3) other: idiomatic expressions   

You will be able to learn common places you often use in a daily conversation.

You will be able to learn basic directions and the particle 'o' expressions.

- Basic directions  

- Non-destionation (locations) + o + moving verbs* <----> Destination + ni + moving verbs 
              (*e.g. pass by, go along, cross over, go out of, turn at, run in etc.)

- Organisations / Situation of locations / Time (not actual locations) + o + verbs 

- Directions + o + verbs (not moving verbs) <----> Directions + ni or e + moving verbs

You will be able to learn expressions meaning "(for) the first time."

- ____ wa hajimete desu [ it is the first time to ....] 

- ____ wa hajimete + (Object) + Verb  [ .... for the first time] 

Congratulations! You have successfully completed this course!!  

Now you can review all the lessons in this course (the section 2).

You can quickly review what you have learned in the section 2 through their conversation.

[* key grammar expressions are blue-highlighted ]