
1- Software vs. Protocol Introduction
2- Protocol Definition
3- TCP/IP Introduction
4- Decimal Basis Introduction
5- Binary Basis Introduction
6- Decimal to Binary Conversion
7- Binary to Decimal Conversion
8- Dotted Decimal Notation [DDN] Introduction
1- IP Address Parts Introduction
2- Network IDentifier Introduction
3- Host IDentifier Introduction
4- IP Address Classes Introduction
5- IP Address Classes Usage
6- IP Address Classes Examples
7- Network IP Addressing Example
1- IP Address Types Introduction
2- Unicast Communication Introduction
3- Multicast Communication Introduction
4- Broadcast Communication Introduction
5- Local Broadcast Communication Introduction
6- Directed Broadcast Communication Introduction
7- Class D Usage Introduction
8- Class E Usage Introduction
9- IETF Introduction
10- 0.X.X.X Address Introduction
11- 127.X.X.X Address Introduction
12- Loopback Testing Usage
1- Classful Network Introduction
2- Network ID Introduction
3- Host ID Introduction
4- Network Address Introduction
5- Broadcast Address Introduction
6- Classless Network Introduction
7- Subnet Mask Introduction
8- Default Subnet Mask Introduction
9- CIDR [ Class Inter Domain Routing ] Introduction
1- Formats of Subnet Mask Presentation
2- Prefix Subnet Mask Presentation
3- Binary Subnet Mask Presentation
4- Decimal Subnet Mask Presentation
5- Classful View of Classless IP Address
6- Classless View of Classless IP Address
7- IP Address Subnetting Example-1
8- Network Address Calculation in Subnetted Network
9- Host Address Calculation in Subnetted Network
10- Broadcast Address Calculation in Subnetted Network
1- IP Subnetting Example-2 -> 4 Network / 62 Hosts
2- IP Subnetting Example-3 -> 7 Network / 30 Hosts , 7 Network / 2 Hosts
3- IP Subnetting Example-4 -> 1 Network / 126 Hosts , 3 Network / 30 Hosts , 3 Network / 6 Hosts
4- FLSM ( Fixed Length Subnet Mask ) Introduction
5- SLSM ( Single Length Subnet Mask ) Introduction
6- VLSM ( Variable Length Subnet Mask ) Introduction
7- IP Address Subnetting Design
1- Network Interface Card [NIC] Introduction
2- Switch Introduction
3- Router Introduction
4- Local Area Network [LAN] Introduction
5- Wide Area Network [WAN] Introduction
6- Point-to-Point Link Introduction
7- Ethernet over MPLS [EoMPLS] Introduction
8- Ethernet over MPLS [EoMPLS] Introduction
9- IP Address Subnetting Steps
10- DHCP Service Introduction
11- Compare FLSM and VLSM
1- Finding Subnet ID and Resident Subnet ID in IP Address
2- Finding Subnet Broadcast Address in IP Address
3- Finding Subnet's Range of Usable Unicast IP Addresses
4- Interesting Octet Introduction
5- Magic Number Introduction
6- Finding Subnet ID with Boolean AND
7- Finding Broadcast Address with Boolean OR
1- IPv4 Header Introduction
2- Version Field Introduction
3- Internet Header Length (IHL) Field Introduction
4- Type of Service (ToS) Field Introduction
5- Total Length Field Introduction
6- Identification Field Introduction
7- Flags Field Introduction
8- Fragment Offset Field Introduction
9- Time to Live (TTL) Field Introduction
10- Protocol Field Introduction
11- Header Checksum Field Introduction
12- Source Address Field Introduction
13- Destination Address Filed Introduction
14- IP Option Filed Introduction
15- Padding Filed Introduction
1- Quality of Service [QoS] IP Precedence [IPP] Marking Introduction
2- Quality of Service [QoS] Differentiated Service Code Point [DSCP] Marking Introduction
3- Differentiated Service Code Point [DSCP] Class Selector [CS] Introduction
4- Differentiated Service Code Point [DSCP] Assured Forwarding [AF] Introduction
5- Forward Precedence and Drop Precedence Introduction
6- Differentiated Service Code Point [DSCP] Expedited Forwarding [EF] Introduction
7- Guidelines for DSCP Marking Values Introduction
1- IPv4 Address Exhaustion History
2- Private IP Addressing [RFC1918] Introduction
3- Public IP Addressing Introduction
4- Classless Inter Domain Routing [CIDR] Introduction
5- Network Address Translation [NAT] Introduction
6- Static NAT Introduction
7- Static NAT Configuration
8- Static NAT Verification
9- The Usage of Static NAT Introduction
10- Dynamic NAT Introduction
11- Dynamic NAT Confgiration
12- Dynamic NAT Verification
13- Dynamic NAT Overload Introduction
14- Dynamic NAT Overload Confgiration with NAT Pool
15- Dynamic NAT Overload Confgiration with Interface IP
16- Dynamic NAT Overload Verification
17- Port Address Translation [PAT] Introduction
18- Debug Network Address Translation [NAT]
1- Regional Internet Registries (RIR) Introduction
2- ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) Introduction
3- RIPE NCC (Reseaux IP Europeens Network Control Center) Introduction
4- APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center) Introduction
5- LACNIC (Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Center) Introduction
6- AfriNIC (African Network Information Centre) Introduction
7- Nat Terminology Introduction
8- Overlapping NAT Introdution
9- Overlapping NAT Configuration
10- Overlapping NAT Verification
1- Loopback Addresses Design Recommendations
2- IP Telephony Networks Design Recommendations
3- VLSM Address Assignment Example Introduction
4- IPv4 Addressing Design Introduction
5- Goals of IPv4 Address Design Introduction
6- Planning for Future Use of IPv4 Addresses Introduction
7- Performing Route Summarization Introduction
8- Planning for a Hierarchical IP Address Network Introduction
9- Private and Public IP Address and NAT Guidelines Introduction
1- Steps for Creating an IPv4 Address Plan Introduction
2- Case Study: IP Address Subnet Allocation
3- Address Assignment Methods Introduction
4- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Introduction
5- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Configuration
6- DHCP Relay Agent Introduction
7- DHCP Relay Agent Configuration
8- Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) Introduction
9- Recommended Practices of IP Address Assignment Introduction
1- IPv4 Address Network ID Review
2- IPv4 Address Host ID Review
3- IPv4 Subnet Mask Review
4- IPv4 Default Gateway Review
5- IPv4 Addressing Issues Introduction
6- Determining IP Addresses Within a Subnet
7- Useful Commands for Verification of IPv4 Addressing in PC and Router
8- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol [DHCP] Introduction
9- DHCP DORA Process Introduction
10- DHCP DORA Process Verification
11- DHCP Relay Agent Introduction
12- DHCP Relay Agent Configuration
13- DHCP Relay Agent Verification
14- Router as a DHCP Client Introduction
15- Router as a DHCP Client Configuration
16- Router as a DHCP Client Verification
17- Router as a DHCP Server Introduction
18- Router as a DHCP Server Configuration
19- Router as a DHCP Server Verification
20- Potential DHCP Troubleshooting Issues Introduction
21- DHCP Troubleshooting Commands
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version of the standard that routes Internet traffic and other packet-switched networks introduced in 1982 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). IPv4 is the most widely used version of the protocol despite the limitations of its 32-bit address space. With slightly less than 4.3 billion available unique addresses, the available number of addresses quickly began to run out. With some clever ingenuity over the years that extended the life of the protocol, the pool of available addresses didn’t dry up until 2011.
An Internet Protocol address is a unique identifier for devices connected to a network. The unique identifier makes it possible for devices to find and communicate with each other. Initially, the main types of devices that required an IP address included network devices, such as computers, servers, routers, and printers. However, with the Internet of Things, the list includes cell phones, televisions, refrigerators, automobiles, light bulbs, or anything else capable of receiving or exchanging information over a network.
An IPv4 address is a series of four eight-bit binary numbers separated by a decimal point. Although you may use any numbering system to represent a unique 32-bit number, most commonly you see IP addresses expressed in dot-decimal notation.