Introduction to Programming: C/C++

Explore arithmetic and relational operators, compound arithmetic/assignment operators, and logic with and, or, not, including precedence, parentheses, and truth tables for complex conditionals.

Explore writing efficient C/C++ code with loops by comparing while, for, and do while constructs, illustrating counter management, conditions, increments, and control flow using continue and break.

Explore how functions act as reusable building blocks, covering function signatures, return types, arguments, by-value passing, and practical examples in C/C++ including main, void, and calling patterns.

Explore recursion through factorial across four ways—upward loops, downward loops, recursive calls, and ternary style—emphasizing the condition and how the call stack resolves the result.

Master how to store multiple data items using arrays and matrices, including one- and two-dimensional forms, with zero-based indexing, capacity limits, and basic printing.

Learn how strings work in C, including char arrays and the null terminator, ASCII concepts, and essential string functions like string length, string cat, string copy, and string comp.

Explore pointers in C and C++, including the dereference and address operators, memory layout with stack and heap, and pointer-based techniques like array traversal and swapping by reference.

Explore function pointers in C, including creating arrays of function pointers for operations like add, subtract, multiply, and modulus, and invoking them via user choices.

Explore pointer concepts in C, including arrays, void pointers, static and compile-time variables, and function pointers with quicksort and callbacks.

Explore defining and using C structures, including typedef struct and dot notation. Use the arrow operator with pointers, print and return structures, and create types like person, student, square, circle.

Analyze unions and compare with structs to understand memory layout, size, and how a union stores one data type at the same space, such as shop id or VIN.

Explore memory management in C and C++, linking it to pointers, and demonstrate allocating memory for arrays, checking for null, and freeing memory to prevent leaks.

Learn memory management by dynamically allocating memory with malloc, calloc, and realloc, resizing arrays, checking for null, and freeing memory for int, char, and user-defined objects.

Explore building a dynamic array in C, handling size and capacity, memory allocation, resizing, and deallocation. Learn dynamic strings with copy and concatenation.

Explore error handling in C using the Erno library, handling division by zero, domain and range errors, and printing messages to standard error, with exit codes for success or failure.

Learn C file I/O and random number generation, with seeding and preprocessor considerations, using fopen, fprintf, fscanf for binary and text files across Windows and Unix platforms.

Explore the C preprocessor, mastering macros and macro functions, header files and include directives, and how scope and global access shape code metadata like time, file, and line.

Explore preprocessor directives for conditional compilation in C/C++, including include header files, define and undef, if defined, if not defined, if else, and pragma, plus macro utilities.

Discover the two preprocessor operators in C: the stringizing operator and the token pasting operator, and learn to build macros that stringify arguments and paste tokens, with practical examples.

Explore how c++ extends c with iostreams, insertion and extraction operators, and std::string; use of using namespace std simplifies output and input, plus function overloading and optional arguments.

Explore how C and C++ headers differ and how extern C enables compatibility, then learn class design with constructors, private members, getters, destructors, and memory management topics.

Explore intermediate classes in c++. Build a bank class with constructor and destructor, using namespaces and member initializer lists. Review pointers, memory management, and namespace usage; preview polymorphism and inheritance.

Learn about advanced class design in C++, including default and copy constructors, this and the arrow operator, friend and protected access, and inheritance and polymorphism.

Explore classic, abstract, and interface inheritance in c++ and c#, using virtual methods and abstract classes, and master operator overloading with practical box examples.

Explore generic typing and exceptions in C++ by using templates to create flexible functions and classes, and learn exception handling, including custom exception classes and try-catch flows.

Explore enumerations for clear switches and text values, and perform file input and output with ifstream, ofstream, and fstream, including append, truncate, and line-based reading.