Introduction to Orthodontics. Patient Examination.

1. Definition of orthodontics.

• Definitions

• Divisions

2. Definition of ideal occlusion

• Andrews six keys of normal occlusion

3. Positions of the mandible

4. Equilibrium theory

1. Classification of malocclusion

• Angle’s molar classification

• Canine classification

• Incisor classification

• Classification by the severity of crowding

• Classification by the size of overjet in Class 2/3 cases

2. Prevalence of malocclusion

3. Aetiology of malocclusion

• Genetic influence

• Environmental factors

• Physiological factors

• Mouth breathing

• Sucking habits

• Pathology

• Childhood fractures of jaws

• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

• Excessive growth hormone

• Periodontal disease

• Dentoalveolar trauma

• Early loss of primary teeth

8. Benefits of orthodontic treatment

9. Risks of orthodontic treatment

1.Definition

2.Growth pattern

3. Levels of growth of the body

• Cellular level

• Growth of soft tissues

• Interstitial growth

4. Development of the mandible

5. Development of the maxilla

6. development of the cranial vault

7. Mandibular growth rotations

8. Adult craniofacial growth

1. Postnatal development of the dentition

2. Development of the jaws

3. Deciduous dentition

• Stages of tooth eruption

• Eruption timing

• Characteristics of normal deciduous dentition

4. Mixed dentiton

• Stages of eruption

• Explanation of Terminal plane

• Temporary features of the mixed dentition

• The leeway space

• Dental arch length

• Dental arch width

5. Factors affecting tooth position

6. Crowding of mandibular incisors

7. Occlusal changes in the permanent dentition.

Patient examination

1.Chief complaint

2.Medical history

3. Dental history

4. Social and behavioral examination

Evaluation of the facial and dental appearance

1.Extraoral examination

1.1 Frontal

• horizontal

• vertical

1.2 Profile

• horizontal

• vertical

2. Jaw function

3. Tooth –lip relationship – mini esthetics

3.1 Smile analysis

4. Tongue examination

5. Path of closure of the mandible

6. Evaluation of normal breathing

Dental photography

1. Radiographs used in orthodontics

1.1 Panoramic radiograph

1.2 Occlusal radiographs

1.3 Periapical radiographs

1.4 Bite-wing radiographs

1.5 Lateral skull radiograph

1.6 Frontal cephalometrics

1.7 Three-dimensional imaging

2. Cephalometric analysis

2.1 growth prediction

2.2 Hard tissue landmarks

2.3 Anatomic planes

2.4 Cephalometric angles

2.5 Dental relationships

2.6 Steiner’s analysis

2.7 Wits appraisal

2.8 Tweed’s analysis

2.9 Facial analysis

2.10 Malocclusions

2.11 Errors in cephalometric analysis

1. Planes of space

2. Deviations in positions of individual teeth

3. Mixed dentition analysis

3.1 Moyers’ analysis

4. Permanent dentition analysis

4.1 Bolton’s analysis

4.2 Pont’s index

4.3 Linderhearth’s analysis

4.4 Carey`s analysis

5. Evaluation of the skeletal and dental relationships

5.1 Transverse plane of space

5.2 Anteroposterior plane of space

Vertical plane of space