Electric Vehicle Technology A-Z: Battery, Motor, Charging

Compare the energy storage and electric motor advantages of electric vehicles over internal combustion engines, highlighting higher efficiency, lower emissions, and advances in lithium batteries that reduce weight and cost.

Analyzes the forces on an electric vehicle powertrain—rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and gradient forces—and shows how traction and speed set the required power.

Assess the pros and cons of hybrid, plug-in hybrid, battery electric, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and compare with traditional ICEs and total cost of ownership.

Compare induction, permanent magnet, and synchronous reluctance motors for electric vehicles, detailing cost, weight, efficiency, and control trade-offs.

Explore how three-phase AC powers a rotating magnetic field in induction motors, driving a squirrel cage rotor and enabling speed control via a variable frequency drive for electric vehicles.

Discover how a synchronous motor maintains speed with a rotating magnetic field from a three-phase stator and a DC-excited rotor acting as a permanent magnet, started by a squirrel cage.

Understand how motor control works for evs by examining motor types, selection criteria, and sensing needed for control; analyze a brushless dc motor example to reveal motor control internals.

Explore how brushless dc motors in electric vehicles use six-step control to energize stator poles and rotate the rotor, with hall sensor or back-EMF sensing for precise motor control.

Explore how a six-step controller energizes stator windings to attract rotor poles in a BLDC motor, using A, B, and C sensors for feedback and precise sequencing.

Demonstrate six-step control of a BLDC motor by energizing windings W and V to form North Pole and South Pole and advance the rotor through step six.

Explore brushless dc motor control using hall sensor or back emf feedback to determine rotor position and energize stator windings via mosfets in six-step sequence for clockwise or counterclockwise rotation.

Learn how lithium ion batteries enable electric vehicles by balancing gravimetric and volumetric energy density, cycle life, and fast charging, with battery packs and a management system ensuring safety.

Examine heavy battery performance parameters, including voltage, capacity, state of charge, energy density (gravimetric and volumetric), efficiency, and how c-rates and internal resistance affect cycle life and heat.

Explore graphite anodes and lithium cobalt oxide cathodes, electrolyte interactions, and insertion redox reactions that determine capacity, voltage, energy density, and how internal resistance and cycle life influence charging.

Examine the advantages and disadvantages of lithium ion batteries, including high energy density and low self-discharge, and explain charging, discharging, and the role of a battery management system.

Explore how battery discharge and charge rates are governed by C-rates. 1C equals a full discharge in one hour; chemistries tolerate up to 9C with protections to stay under 1C.

Explore cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch cells used in electric vehicles, phones, and laptops, detailing protection features, swelling and gassing risks, and cost and space tradeoffs.

Learn how to connect batteries in series to raise voltage, and in parallel to increase capacity, with series-parallel combos for both, using a battery management system and proper safety.

This lecture classifies lithium polymer batteries by chemistry, comparing lithium phosphate, NCA, NMC, lithium manganese oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, and lithium titanite chemistries, outlining performance trade-offs and applications.

Examine graphene-based batteries, including graphene lithium-ion hybrids and lithium-sulfur cells, where graphene enhances electrode conductivity, stability, and life, enabling low-cost, high-energy-density storage for electric vehicles.