An Overview - Intro to Biomedical Engineering

Explore the basics of anatomy and physiology and their role in biomedical engineering. Learn anatomical positions, planes, directional terms, and common body movements described in the lecture.

Identify the body's regions and cavities, including axial and appendicular regions, and describe the cell nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane, plus simple diffusion and active transport.

Explore how cells form tissues—epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle—that protect, support, and enable movement, and how these tissues combine to form organs like the stomach.

Explore how the muscular system enables movement and heat generation through skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, driven by nerve impulses that trigger contraction.

Explore the skeletal system, a body system of bones and cartilage, and learn how it provides support, enables movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat.

Explore the nervous system’s central and peripheral divisions, brain and spinal cord, neuron signaling, afferent and efferent nerves, and the autonomic system’s sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation.

Explore the cardiovascular system and how the heart pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and hormones. Trace the four chambers and the sino arterial node’s role in coordinating contractions.

Explore the respiratory system, focusing on the lungs, diaphragm, and trachea, and how breathing mechanics drive inhalation and expiration. Explain diffusion in alveoli and capillaries, oxygen transport, carbon dioxide removal.

Explore bioinstrumentation from early simple devices like the stethoscope to modern electrocardiograms and X-ray machines, highlighting the shift from examination-based diagnosis to lab-based tests and advanced electronics.

Explore how sensors and circuits generate signals processed through analog and digital stages, stored, transmitted, and used for control, feedback, and display to monitor patient health.

Explore parameters and sensors in bio instrumentation, including in vitro and in vivo measurements, electrode transduction, and the roles of EKG, EMG, EEG electrodes, and implantable electrodes.

Explore transducers in biomedicine: from displacement and inductive transducers like LVDTs to brain probes, invasive and non-invasive blood pressure, arterial diameter monitoring, electromagnetic flow, potentiometer and elastic resistive sensors.

Examine strain gauges, capacitive, and airflow transducers and how they convert mechanical changes into signals for medical applications like blood pressure, rehabilitation, insulin delivery, and breast cancer screening.

Explore temperature measurement with thermistors and thermocouples, emphasizing fast, small probes for in vivo use and blood flow assessment via catheter, plus reference junctions for absolute temperature.

Explore biochemical analysis through blood gas sensors and Clark electrodes, explaining non-invasive diffusion-based measurements of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and how oximetry determines blood oxygen saturation.

Explore optical fibers as essential biochemical sensors, focusing on core and cladding, low attenuation, and interference immunity, with light excitation and detection methods—fluorescent, absorption-based, and evanescent-wave.

Explore bio potential amplifiers and op-amp circuits, including inverting, non-inverting, and summing configurations, to amplify signals while minimizing noise and interference.

Explore how filters in biomedical instrumentation separate signals by bandwidth using high pass, low pass, band pass, and notch filters, and compare passive and active implementations with gain considerations.

Explore biosignal processing and bio signals in biomedical engineering, including heart activity captured by ECG. Differentiate continuous and discrete signals and explain analog-to-digital conversion for noise reduction and feature extraction.

Apply digital and adaptive filters to remove noise and artifacts from biosignal data. Learn analog-to-digital conversion and the use of low-pass and high-pass filters.

Extract biosignals by transforming raw data into a compact feature set across time, frequency, and joint time-frequency domains, while adaptive filters and linear predictive coding reduce noise.

Explore wavelet analysis, breaking signals into shifted and scaled components with non-sinusoidal wavelets, revealing time and frequency insights for compression, EEG/EMG analysis, speech, and gait.

Compare wave decomposition and empirical mode decomposition to extract intrinsic mode functions and instantaneous frequency from biomedical signals. Apply these methods to EEG and time series to reveal patterns.

Explore how classification in biomedical signal processing groups patient data by extracted features, using decision support systems and AI methods like support vector machines and neural networks.

Explore how biomedical imaging systems visualize structure and function for diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and understanding physiology across x-rays, MRI, ultrasound, PET, endoscopy, and microscopy.

Learn how x-ray imaging uses ionizing rays to reveal bone and tissue density, highlighting safety and the shift to three-dimensional computed tomography with rotating sources for cross-sectional views.

Explore ultrasound imaging, a real-time, radiation-free method using piezoelectric crystals to emit and receive high-frequency sound waves for safe, dynamic tissue visualization and Doppler blood flow assessment.

Learn how magnetic resonance imaging uses a strong field and radio waves to align hydrogen nuclei, emit signals, and produce high-resolution, radiation-free 3-D images of joints, brain, and abdomen.

Nuclear imaging uses radioactive tracers injected into the bloodstream to measure body function, enabling SPECT and PET to image blood perfusion and metabolism with gamma detection.

Explore optical bioimaging, endoscopy, and the computer roles in image formation, processing, and visualization, including sensors and digitizers that convert signals into diagnosable images.

Biomechanics blends biology and mechanics to explain how forces move the living body, using rigid, fluid, and deformable mechanics to study skeletal and muscular systems and prevent injury.

Explore statics and dynamics as biomechanical foundations, distinguishing equilibrium from motion, and examine linear, rectilinear, curvilinear, angular, and general motion.

Explore kinetics and kinematics in biomechanics, describing movement through position, velocity, and acceleration, and explain how forces, including gravity, drive changes in speed and direction.

Explore internal and external forces in biomechanics, defining force magnitude, direction, and point of application, and discuss how internal forces deform tissue while external forces alter movement.

Uncover mechanical forces in biomechanics by examining momentum and impulse, mechanical work positive, negative, and zero, and how line of action and torque from external forces drive rotation.

Explore rigid body mechanics to model motion with simplified limbs and joints. Examine fluid mechanics of air and blood and deformable mechanics to relate stress, strain, injuries, and prosthesis.

Gait analysis uses treadmill markers, analysis software, and computer models to assess movement, muscle activity via surface electrodes, and parameters like step length and cadence.

Elastography examines tissue stiffness and resistance to deformation when driven by a quasi static, harmonic, or transient mechanical source, enabling visualization of differences between normal and diseased or aging tissues.

Explore how biomechanics applies to real life, from prosthetic design and rehabilitation to cardiovascular dynamics, sports biomechanics, injury prevention, driver safety, ergonomics, and forensic biomechanics.

Explore how biomaterials augment or replace bodily functions, remain biocompatible for long-term contact, and enable medical devices like valves, stents, and joints, across metallic, ceramic, polymer, and composite materials.

Explore metallic biomaterials, their electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, and their use in hip and knee implants, dental devices, stents, and spinal fixation, while noting corrosion and biocompatibility concerns.

Discover how polymer biomaterials form from monomers, how surface modification boosts biocompatibility, and their applications in medical devices, implants, and prosthetic devices.

Explore ceramic biomaterials with high compressive strength and low electrical and thermal conductivity, used in bone replacements, dental crowns, and heart valves, including inert, bioactive, and degradable ceramics.

Explore composite biomaterials formed by combining two or more phases to tailor properties. Learn how shape, volume, interface, and orientation affect strength, flexibility, and performance in bone and cartilage.