Nanodevices - Intro to Biomedical Engineering

Explore how microelectromechanical systems fuse sensors, gears, and silicone chips using the resistive effect to sense mechanical changes, and discuss Moore's Law alongside biomedical applications like blood pressure monitors.

Explore microscale properties driving MEMS, including surface area to volume, electric fields, and high resolution for sensing. Scaling laws and computer-integrated manufacturing cut costs and enable low power devices.

Explore silicon nanofabrication methods, including additive and subtracting methods, and compare isotropic and anisotropic etching, guided by Miller indices and their impact on nano devices.

learn how to determine Miller indices from intercepts, using reciprocals and common denominator adjustments, with a step-by-step example of obtaining (1 1 0) and handling fractions and negatives.

Explore dry etching in nanodevice fabrication, covering physical, chemical, and combined methods, ion bombardment, selectivity, and the creation of precise, vertical sidewalls.

Explore how silicone nano device applications leverage optical fibers, MEMS sensors, capillary electrophoresis, and accelerometers. Learn how silicone-based components transport light, measure pressure, and detect motion in nano sensing.

Review MEMS basics, microscale properties, silicone fabrication, Miller indices, and subtractive/dry etching, with applications like accelerometers, pressure sensors, capillary electrophoresis, and optical fibers for the chapter two quiz.

This quiz recap applies Moore's Law to transistor growth and explains isotropic etching as the multidirectional method, with density driving etching time, Miller indices, and ionic bombardment in dry etching.

Explore photoresists as light sensitive masking materials used to pattern silicon wafers through positive and negative resists, enabling surface and bulk micromachining, lift-off, and sacrificial-layer techniques.

Explore how clean rooms limit pollutants to class standards for fabrication of pharmaceuticals, integrated circuits, and LCD, OLED, and micro LED displays, and how doors, suits, and gloves prevent contamination.

Explore photolithography within a cleanroom, including spin coating, exposure, development, etching, and stripping to pattern nano-scale features on a silicon wafer using light, masks, and sacrificial layers.

Explore photolithography concepts, including clean rooms, critical dimensions, and the minimum feature size, through an example using wavelength 540 nm, K1, and numerical aperture to design a prototype semiconductor.

Thermal oxidation forms a thin oxide layer on silicon wafers in a high-temperature furnace, enabling nanowires and nanostructures with high resistivity and clean, efficient fabrication using air, water, and heat.

Explore vapor deposition, including chemical and physical vapor deposition, and compare sputtering and evaporation on silicon wafers.

Review the differences between physical and chemical vapour deposition, including sputtering and evaporation; differentiate clean room classes; understand photo lithography steps, minimum feature equation, and thermal oxidation alongside vapour deposition.

Review quiz concepts on silicone films, cleanroom requirements, and minimum feature size in microfabrication, then identify chemical vapor deposition as the gas chamber deposition method.

Explore how scaling law governs properties that vary with size, from ants to nanoscale devices. Learn how gravity, surface effects, and stickiness influence nanoscale design.

Explore scaling law examples across thermal systems, mechanical systems, and molecular sensors to show how length, area, and volume shape properties in nano devices.

Master scaling law concepts across thermal, mechanical, and molecular systems with insect examples, and focus on length, area, and volume relationships for the quiz.

This quiz recap walks through scaling questions in micro devices, explains surface tension at tiny sizes, and links velocity, heat flux, conduction, and convection to length, area, and volume.

Define microfluidics as the control and manipulation of fluids in small channels, where surface forces dominate diffusion, viscosity, and shear stress; explore devices and applications across nano devices, biology, chemistry.

Explore flow and drag in microfluidics, using Reynolds number, incompressible flow concepts, the gradient of pressure, and Navier–Stokes equations to describe pressure-driven movement.

Learn to calculate the pressure drop in a pressure-driven microfluidic flow by converting length, radius, viscosity, and flow rate to consistent units and applying the Navia Stokes equation.

Explore microchannels with submillimeter diameters and their use in fluid control and heat transfer, and learn magnetic, diffusion-based, and spiral separation techniques for particle sorting.

Explore micro channel mixing in microfluidic devices, where diffusion under low reynolds number and high parklet number governs mixing; distinguish passive from active mixing and strategies to enhance contact area.

Explore hydrodynamic focusing and flow cytometry to count cells and determine particle size in microchannels. Demonstrate stretching of DNA in microfluidics to enable bio barcodes and reveal base pairs.

Soft lithography enables simple prototyping of micro channels and microfluidic components by casting a soft polymer over a patterned mold, offering biocompatible, gas-permeable channels while mold size constrains channel dimensions.

Explore soft lithography powered microfluidic valves and civs, focusing on size and fast on-off control. See their use in imaging, spectrophotometry, and droplet encapsulation, plus common leakage issues.

Learn how valves enable precise control in microfluidics, supporting imaging, spectrophotometry, reaction control, and rapid cell sorting, mixing, and targeted injections for fluorescence measurements.

Review chapter five of nanodevices with a quiz overview on microfluidic components, flow and drag, pressure driven flow, mixing, separation, focusing, stretching, soft lithography, and valves.

This quiz recap of chapter five microfluidics covers fluid deformation under shear stress, microfluidic components, Navier–Stokes drag, and mixing, plus DNA screening through stretching, with preview of chapter six electromagnetics.

Explore four main electrical forces in microfluidics: electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, electro osmosis, and electric field induced surface wetting, and discuss their applications, advantages, and limitations.

Explore electrophoresis that separates DNA, RNA, and proteins by size and charge using gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis driven by electric fields.

Explore dielectrophoresis, the force on dielectric particles in a non-uniform electric field, and how voltage, frequency, medium viscosity, and radius influence particle movement, cell separation, and nanowire manipulation.

Explore how surface tension, the force from particle attraction on a liquid's surface, can be tuned via thermal, chemical, and electrical methods.

Explore electrowetting, where an electric field tunes surface tension and contact angle to control wetting, enabling waterproof surfaces and responsive surface energy using the Young-Dupré framework.

Apply the Young Dupere equation to compute the contact angle from solid paper surface tension 600 dyn/cm, solid-liquid 340 dyn/cm, and liquid-vapor 300 dyn/cm; theta ≈ 29.9 degrees, partial wetting.

Explore electroosmosis and its role in capillary electrophoresis. Learn how applied potentials move liquids through porous microchannels, with advantages and the need for careful monitoring.

This quiz review reinforces electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, electrowetting, and electro-osmosis, plus surface tension and contact angle concepts, and explains capillary electrophoresis and its iron detection applications.

Review the quiz on electrophoresis, osmosis, electroosmosis, and electrowetting, clarifying how non-uniform electric fields influence surface tension and contact angle, and noting continuous monitoring needs.

Explore three cell types in nano device research—mammalian, bacteria, and viruses—focusing on viral RNA detection via RT-qPCR and protein and antibody detection methods.

Discover how reverse transcription PCR detects viral RNA by converting it to DNA and amplifying through denaturing, annealing, and elongation, with fluorescence indicating results and noting gold-standard accuracy and drawbacks.

Explore the foundations of DNA sequencing, focusing on first-generation methods and Sanger sequencing, including chain termination, fluorescent labeling, and gel electrophoresis.

Next-generation sequencing employs massively parallel, ultra-high-throughput methods to determine DNA and RNA sequences, enabling whole genomes or targeted regions with faster speed and lower cost.

Review section seven on DNA sequencing, including massively parallel sequencing and next generation sequencing, PCR and reverse transcriptase for viral RNA detection, and differences between first and next generation sequencing.

Review the essentials of DNA sequencing, virus detection methods, reverse transcription in Artic PCR, and Sanger sequencing while previewing chapter eight on electrical transducers.

Explore redox reactions and electrochemical cells as the foundation of nano sensor electronics, covering redox potential, standard hydrogen electrode, silver chloride reference, and how semiconductors and transistors enable biomaterial sensing.

Explore redox reactions and electrochemical cells, then apply the Nernst equation to relate standard electrode potentials, temperature, activities, and the Faraday constant to the cell's reduction potential.

Compute the original and five-minute potentials of a copper–silver electrochemical cell using the Nernst equation, standard potential, and changing concentrations.

Explore two electrochemical cell sensors for nanodevices: potential metric sensors infer concentration from potential, while voltage metric sensors measure current at a fixed potential.

Explore how semiconductors control electron flow via valence and conduction bands, band gaps, and intrinsic versus doped materials, enabling integrated circuits, diodes, transistors, solar cells, and nano devices and sensors.

Review doped semiconductors by examining p-type and n-type doping with boron and phosphorus, and explain the Fermi level and its relation to electrons, holes, and the conduction and valence bands.

Discover how p-n diodes form via diffusion of holes and electrons, create a depletion zone through band bending and a built-in field, and regulate current with reverse and forward bias.

Explore how transistors function as semiconductor devices to amplify or switch signals, detailing field-effect and bipolar junction types, base-emitter-collector operation, and nano device implications.

Focus on chapter eight's electrical transducers, including redox reactions, potentiometric and voltammetric sensors, and fundamentals of semiconductors, diodes, and transistors.

The lecture recap reviews the chapter eight quiz on electrochemical cells, voltammetric and potentiometric sensors, and semiconductor doping and depletion zone behavior.

Explore absorption, luminescence, and the Beer-Lambert law as they relate to optical transducers, spectrophotometers, pulse oximeters, and fluorescence microscopy in biomedical engineering.

Explore the Beer-Lambert law through a step-by-step attenuation example, linking light intensity, cross section, and molecular absorption to calculate changes in intensity.

Define fluorescence as emission of light after absorption, where excitation to discrete energy levels leads to photon emission, enabling nano device applications with excitation and emission filters.

Explore fluorescence properties such as quantum field and quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime, brightness, and extinction coefficient, and how they determine emission efficiency and detector performance in experiments.

Explore how fluorophores respond to pH, temperature, and ions, and learn to use fluorescence brightness, lifetimes, and ratio imaging to infer environmental changes.

Explore fluorophore resonance energy transfer (FRET) and how donor–acceptor distance governs non-radiative energy transfer, with sixth-power distance dependence shaping emission spectra and fluorescence signals in biomedical research.

Review chapter nine topics on absorption spectrum, fluorescence, energy transfer, and the Beer-Lambert relationship, including quantum yield, fluorescence lifetimes, brightness, and how environment and distance affect fluorescence.

The quiz recap explains that emitted photons have lower energy and longer wavelength than absorbed ones, and highlights molar extinction coefficient and Beer-Lambert absorption, fluorescence lifetime, and FRET distance dependence.

Explore optical transducers that convert light into electronic signals across infrared to ultraviolet wavelengths, enabling noncontact detection and applications from light sensors in devices to biomedical heart rate monitors.

Explore how interference creates constructive and destructive amplitudes in optical waves, and examine reflection at media boundaries with the angle of incidence and plane of incidents.

Explore Brewster's angle and the critical angle to understand polarization at interfaces and transmission. Relate boundary conditions and evanescent fields to applications in waveguide sensors and microscopy.

Explore how waveguides confine light with a core and cladding through total internal reflection. Examine modes, evanescent fields, polarization, wavelength, incident angle, and refractive index in sensors and microfluidic applications.

Explore the three main waveguide types—slab, channel, and optical fibers—and how their structures support light transmission. Learn how coupling methods—grading, end-fire, and prism—facilitate efficient light transfer, addressing alignment and interference.

Explore how fluorescence sensors integrate with waveguides to excite fluorophores, transport light, and detect fluorescence, including a glucose sensor using a hollow fibre, immobilized enzyme, and dextran.

Explore surface plasmon resonance, its dependence on polarized light and resonance with surface oscillations, and its role in absorption sensors, color-based biosensors, and lab on a chip sensors.

Explore dispersion curves to match the boundary conditions of the photon and surface plasmon, and adjust the dielectric medium and incidence angle to locate the resonance angle.

Compare auto and Kretschmann configurations for measuring surface plasmon resonance, detailing metal film thickness, air dielectric gaps, and how evanescent waves excite plasmons and reveal angle shifts.

Review optical transducers, interference and reflection, Brewster's angle and evanescent fields, then cover waveguides, fluorescent glucose sensors, and surface plasmon resonance with dispersion curves for quiz prep.

Navigate a recap of chapter 10 on optical transducers, covering plane of incidence, total internal reflection, waveguides and coupling, fluorescent glucose sensors, and surface plasmon resonance.