
Explain how elements are extracted from ores, distinguishing native and oxide forms, using oxidation-reduction concepts and a standard sequence of crushing, grinding, concentration, and reduction to metals.
Explore how hematite iron ore is concentrated and reduced in a blast furnace to produce cast iron, using coke, limestone, and flux to form slag.
Learn how zinc is extracted from native or combined ores through roasting and electrolysis, and its uses in galvanization and alloys like brass and bronze.
Learn the two-stage extraction of aluminium from bauxite: digestion with sodium hydroxide to yield alumina, then Hall-Héroult electrolysis to produce aluminium, its uses, and key process details.
Examine commercial forms of iron—cast iron, steel, and wrought iron—covering carbon content, impurities, and properties, and explain conversion from cast iron to wrought iron and steel.
The natural substances found inside the earth which contain metals in their combined states mixed with gangue are termed minerals. All minerals are not suitable for the extraction of metals. A mineral from which the metal can be extracted easily and economically is called an ore Thus. an ores are minerals, but all minerals are not ores. The scientific and technological process used for isolation of a metal from its
ore is called metallurgy.