IGCSE Geography (CIE) - All 17 units covered

Explore how convection currents move tectonic plates at divergent, convergent, and conservative boundaries. Learn how this drives volcanoes and earthquakes, and creates trenches, rift valleys, and arcs.

Compare Iceland’s volcanic eruption and the Nepal 2015 earthquake to analyze causes, short-term evacuations, and long-term impacts. Assess how prediction, prevention, response, and tourism changes shape recovery and resilience.

Explore river systems from drainage basins to the Bradshaw model, covering precipitation, evapotranspiration, interception, infiltration, groundwater, river sources and mouths, and upper, middle, lower courses.

Explore river processes, erosion, transportation, and deposition, and how upper and middle course features like potholes, gorges, waterfalls, meanders, oxbow lakes, floodplains, and braided channels form.

Explore river risk, flood causes, and management through Bangladesh and Nile Delta case studies, covering hard and soft engineering, forecasting tools, and the economic impacts of floods.

Explore coastal processes, landscapes, and ecosystems, including fetch, wave types, erosion, deposition, headlands, bays, and dunes. Understand mangroves and coral reefs, their zooxanthellae symbiosis, and natural and human threats.

Explore coastal defense methods, hard and soft engineering, with case studies from Holderness, and tropical storm impacts plus eco-tourism and coral reef conservation in Saint Lucia.

Learn to measure weather with thermometers (dry and max/min), wet bulb, rain gauge, barometer, and wind tools, and analyze wind rose diagrams, cloud types, and cloud cover using oktas.

Compare tropical rainforest and hot desert climates, show how to read climate graphs, and explain five factors—latitude, distance from sea, altitude, air pressure, and ocean currents.

Explore the rainforest's water and nutrient cycles driven by evaporation, transpiration, and canopy interactions. Note rainforest layers and adaptations alongside desert xerophytes and animals, and how deforestation alters these cycles.

Explore how human activities impact tropical rainforests and deserts, examining palm oil deforestation in Borneo and Mojave mining and water use, and highlight conservation and ecotourism as remedies.

Analyze how development is measured with GDP per capita, GNI per capita, life expectancy, literacy, infant mortality, and the HDI. Compare regions and country cases like Japan, Mexico, and Kazakhstan.

Explore the development gap, its causes and consequences, and examine core and periphery dynamics, inequality measures like the Gini coefficient, and effects of debt, urbanization, and instability.

Analyze globalization and development through primary-to-quaternary sectors, the Clark-Fisher model and triangular graphs, and how LDCs, NICs, and developed countries experience urbanization, migration, and MNC-driven growth.

Explore arable and pastoral farming systems, from soil fertility, ploughing, and sowing to harvesting, milking, and breeding, including inputs, processes, and outputs across subsistence, mixed, and organic practices.

Examine how physical factors like altitude and river systems plus economic forces shape farming, with intensive rice production in Bangladesh and cattle ranching, deforestation, and irrigation in Brazil.

Explore how droughts, floods, and global warming drive food shortages, while a growing population and urban sprawl alter demand, with solutions from aid and the Green Revolution.

Explore how industrial production works within the inputs, processes, and outputs system, covering capital, labor, raw materials, energy, assembly lines, packaging, and e-waste recycling.

Analyze how government incentives, trade blocs, and infrastructure shape industry location, including agglomerations and science parks, with Shenzhen's special economic zone and its link to Hong Kong.

Explore how tourism drives economic development by examining types of tourism, growth drivers, and the economic, social, environmental, and political impacts on destinations, including a case study.

Explore how electricity is generated from coal, oil, gas, and renewables, including solar, wind, wave, hydro, geothermal, biofuels, and nuclear energy—and examine Iceland's energy mix.

Explore water supply, usage and shortages through dams, groundwater, and desalinization. Analyze strategies like cloud seeding, forestry, water diversion, and case studies.

Explore how economic development creates environmental risks, from air and water pollution to health impacts, and analyze the Kuznets curve, acid deposition, and incidents like Chernobyl.

Explore how human activity accelerates climate change, the greenhouse gas effect, and global warming, then examine soil erosion, desertification, sea level rise, and environmental risks of economic development.

Examine how coral reefs face ocean acidification, temperature rise and pollution, and explore sustainable development strategies and a Pearl River Delta case study of rapid urbanization and environmental pressure.