Instrument flight rules | Navigation aviation

Explore instrument approach segments from the arrival route through initial, intermediate, final, and missed approach segments, including holding and racetrack patterns, fixes, and decision points.

Understand minimum safe altitude provides 1000 feet obstacle clearance within 25 miles of Clermont-Ferrand, with sector MSAs, terminal arrival altitude in genesis approach, and ATC can lower descent via MVA.

Explore non precision approaches that provide only lateral guidance, cover missed approach points, final approach fixes, and techniques like CDFA and drive for safer landings.

Explore precision approaches across conventional navigation and Genesis GBAS, offering lateral and vertical guidance, with ILS, MLS, and PR, marker beacons, glide slope, DME, and decision altitude.

Master entering, flying, and exiting the DME arc under instrument flight rules, using 80 to 100 degrees entry turns, wind and needle cues, and the speed/200 anticipation rule.

Explore straight-in and circling approaches under instrument flight rules, including final approach tracks, circling radii by aircraft category, and visual press corp track (VPC) procedures for landing.

Explore VOR and NDB navigation in IFR flight using VOR/DME, ADF and radio compass with RMI and HSI to track radials, identify stations, and practice interceptions.

Explain transition altitude and transition level, how the transition layer sits between them, and why pilots switch from local QNH to standard 1013 hPa to ensure vertical separation.

Explore standard initial departure procedures (sids): how they are published, the straight and turning departures, obstacle clearance, minimum climb gradients, and omnidirectional departures when a straight route isn't feasible.

Learn reversal procedures for instrument approaches, including base turns, procedure turns, and racetracks, with 30-degree sector entry rules, timing and DME cues, and final approach interception.

Visual approaches authorize an IFR aircraft to proceed visually to the airport, requiring visibility, ceiling, and ATC clearance, with no missed-approach segment and guidance for both controlled and uncontrolled airspace.

Explore the VOR Z runway 10 approach into TNCM, including the DME arc and CDFA versus non-CDFA final approach, with altitude, timing, and final approach fix guidance.

Master the VOR rwy 23 approach at KAPF, including the procedure turn, non CDFA, and visual descent point; fly the 3-degree glide path at 120 knots.

Learn how to fly the VOR rwy 05 approach into LFKC under instrument flight rules, including hold procedures, final approach course 030, altitude restrictions, and night restrictions.

Learn to fly the NDB Alpha approach at Visible International Airport in Antigua, using a procedure turn, NDB timing, circling procedures, and missed approach point calculations.

Execute the NDB runway 09 cloud break approach at Castries, from the northeast, with base turn, no FAF, and circle-to-land considerations, using CDFA and a 3-degree glide path.

Set speed and altitude, switch to Oscar NDB, intercept the 260 inbound radial to Delta, engage autopilot, and execute a go-around using NDB tracking at EBOS runway 26.

Master the RNAV/GNSS rwy 9L KOPF racetrack LPV approach, including racetrack entry, reversal track, and a 3-degree glide path with SBAS guidance.

Master the RNP visual approach to runway 33 at LOWS, Austria, including managing the visual segment, final approach track, altitude constraints, and go-around procedures, with awareness of RF guidance.

Perform the ILS rwy 6R approach at KRYN, intercept the localizer, and fly a racetrack with no procedure turn toward the outer marker coincident with the final approach point.

Execute an instrument landing system runway 14 approach into Nassau, Bahamas using a DME arc and step descent, intercept the localizer and glide slope with wind corrections and arc anticipation.

Execute the ils dme rwy 27 approach at London City EGLC using the racetrack hold and missed approach, intercepting the localizer and glide slope on a steep descent.

Learn to perform a visual prescribed track approach to Isaacs airport, navigating coastal references with waypoints Alpha, Juliet, and Oscar, descending to 1500 feet and intercepting the glide path.

Execute a visual missed approach into Le Bourget using the one way axis, track 0 to 4, and DME to land, with a right-hand circuit or go-around if required.