Hydrocarbons

Name: Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes

Created byVinay Arya

Last updated 3/2022

English

What you'll learn

The students will develop the experimenting skill for day to day life.
The students will enhance their observing qualities.
The students will have a broader idea of Hydrocarbons used in day to day life.
The students will develop Academic Excellence.

Course content

1 section • 16 lectures • 3h 23m total length

13.1.Contents of Hydrocarbons11:11
Explore the contents of hydrocarbons, including their homologous series, saturated and unsaturated types, and topics from alkanes to aromatic hydrocarbons, with reaction mechanisms and properties.
13.2. Alkanes15:16
Explore alkanes, the saturated open-chain hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. Learn their classification, IUPAC nomenclature, and preparation by hydrogenation and reduction methods.
13.3. Preparation of Alkanes19:32
Explore preparation of alkanes via hydrogenation of alkenes using Ni, Pt, or Pd, and learn about decarboxylation and Franklin's reaction, plus conformational analysis of alkanes (eclipse, staggered, skew).
13.4. Chemical Properties of Alkanes11:45
Explore the chemical properties of alkanes, focusing on substitution reactions and free radical mechanisms, including initiation, propagation, and termination with halogens, and compare boiling points of straight- and branched-chain alkanes.
13.5. Preparation of Alkenes14:04
Explore the structure and nomenclature of alkenes, hydrocarbons with a carbon–carbon double bond and sigma–pi bonding. Examine dehydration of alcohols and halide elimination for preparation, and factors favoring substituted alkenes.
13.6. Dehalogenation9:08
Explore dehalogenation of alkyl halides with zinc to form alkynes, and examine elimination and partial reduction processes, Hoffmann rule, and related reactions like the Wittig reaction.
13.7. Chemical Properties of Alkenes14:45
Study the chemical properties of alkenes, including electrophilic addition reactions with halogens and hydrogen, radical mechanisms under peroxides, and how major and minor addition products form.
13.8. Mechanisms11:39
Explore the mechanisms of key hydrocarbon reactions, focusing on ionic halogen addition to alkenes and electron-pair flow. Learn how trans-1,2-dibromo cyclopentane enantiomers form, and review related oxidation and dihydroxylation pathways.
13.9. Oxidation reactions of alkenes11:05
Explore how oxidation reactions convert alkenes into ketones, carboxylic acids, or carbon dioxide using permanganate in acidic medium, and how ozonolysis and reductive workups form aldehydes and other products.
13.10. Alkynes13:14
Explore the alkynes, the third hydrocarbon series, with emphasis on nomenclature rules, the carbon-carbon triple bond, and preparation methods such as acetylene production from calcium carbide and related reactions.
13.11. Chemical Properties of Alkynes13:41
Explore the chemical properties of alkanes, detailing initial reactions such as halogenation and hydrogenation, and how carbon-hydrogen bonds drive reactivity in this hydrocarbon topic.
13.12. Ozonolysis9:10
Explore the properties of alkanes, ozonolysis mechanisms, and the polymerization of alkanes, including benzene formation, glycol and formic acid outcomes, and implications for electrode materials.
13.13. Aromatic Hydrocarbons19:17
Explore aromatic hydrocarbons, focusing on benzene's hexagonal ring, resonance stabilization, and equal C-C bonds. Apply Huckel's 4n+2 rule to determine aromaticity and stability.
13.14. Properties of Benzene8:59
Discover benzene’s properties and preparation, including physical traits, toxicity, and aromatic reactions such as nitration, chlorination, and sulfonation, plus electrophilic substitution mechanisms.
13.15. Friedel – Craft Alkylation9:18
Explore Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation of benzene using aluminum chloride, and follow the mechanism from electrophile formation to substitution and hydrogen elimination to give alkylated or acylated benzene.
13.16. Reactions of side chains11:43
Explain the reactions of side chains on aromatic hydrocarbons, including halogenation and radical substitution under heat or light, and oxidation of side chains to benzoic and phthalic acids.

Requirements

The student should have the basic knowledge of compounds of Hydrogen and Carbon.

Description

The compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. They are obtained mainly from petroleum, natural gas and coal.

Hydrocarbons are broadly classified into two main categories - aliphatic and aromatic The aliphatic hydrocarbons are further classified as saturated (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes and alkynes) and alicyclic (cycloalkanes) hydrocarbons.

Alkanes are the simplest class of organic compounds.

They are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only and contain two types of bonds, carbon-hydrogen (C—H) and carbon-carbon (C—C) single covalent bonds. They do not have functional groups. Alkanes form a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n + 2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Alkanes are also known as the saturated hydrocarbons as all the four single covalent bonds of each carbon in their molecules are fully satisfied or 'saturated.' These hydrocarbons are relatively unreactive under ordinary laboratory conditions, but can be forced to undergo reactions under drastic conditions. It is for this reason that they are called paraffins (Latin, parum affinis = little activity).

Each carbon atom in alkanes is sp3 hybridized. The four sp3 hybrid orbitals are used in making four sigma bonds giving a tetrahedral structure.

Alkanes exhibit chain isomerism. The first three hydrocarbons of the series viz., methane, ethane and propane do not exhibit isomerism. All higher hydrocarbons show chain isomerism and the number of isomers goes on increasing rapidly with the increase in the number of carbon atoms.

Who this course is for:

Students of Eleventh and Twelfth standard who are appearing for Competitive Examinations.