Human Anatomy and Physiology- A&P-1

Explore histology, the study of tissue structure and function, and understand how tissues are composed of structurally and functionally similar cells, blending living and nonliving material.

Identify the four primary tissue types—epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous—and describe how each type protects, supports, contracts, and conducts nerve impulses.

Explore how epithelial tissue lines and covers surfaces inside and outside the body, with simple and stratified forms anchored to the basement membrane and mitotically active basal cells renewing epithelium.

Explore epithelial tissues by layer and shape—simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, and columnar—covering alveoli, skin, esophagus, trachea, and urinary bladder, with diffusion, secretion, absorption, and protection.

Protects, supports, and binds structures through connective tissue. The matrix varies by tissue—plasma in blood, semi-fluid in cartilage, and solid in bone—containing collagen and elastin fibers and diverse cells.

Examine connective tissues, including bone with central canals and lamellae, hyaline cartilage in lacunae, dense fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, and blood tissue, detailing support, protection, attachment, and energy storage.

Explore smooth muscle cells, their nuclei, and lack of striations in stomach with involuntary movement. Identify cardiac muscle by intercalated disks, uni nucleated cells, and striations in heart that pump.

Nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses in the nervous system, highlighting multipolar neurons with cell bodies, dendrites, axons, and supportive tissues.

Explore the integumentary system as an organ with epidermis and dermis, including glands, hair follicles, erector pili muscle, and touch and pressure receptors like Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles.

Explore the axial skeleton as a subdivision of the skeletal system and preview completing the skeletal system in lab four.

Classify bones by shape into long, short, flat, irregular; identify long bone anatomy with medullary cavity, yellow marrow, red marrow in epiphyses, periosteum, and spongy bone.

Identify the axial skeleton along the body's central axis, including skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum, and coccyx, and contrast with the appendicular skeleton comprising girdles and limb bones.

Identify the skull’s bones and immovable sutures, including frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones with coronal, squamous, and lambdoid sutures; note the zygomatic arch, nasal bones, maxilla, and mandible.

Explore the axial skeleton’s subdivisions, including the skull and its articulated bones, the hyoid, the thorax with sternum and ribs, costal cartilage, and the vertebral column with sacrum and coccyx.

This lecture shows the anterior view of the fetal skull, highlighting the anterior and posterior fontanel and the frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal bones with the frontal and coronal sutures.

The vertebral column provides axial support between the skull and pelvis and protects the spinal cord, with thoracic and sacral primary curvatures and cervical and lumbar secondary curvatures.

Explore the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, emphasizing atlas and axis anatomy, vertebral foramen, transverse foramen, and the orientation of superior and inferior articular processes.

Examine the sacrum and coccyx, detailing five fused sacral vertebrae with a median sacral crest and sacral canal, plus a coccyx of 3–5 fused bones across anterior and posterior views.

The thorax forms a bony cage around the heart and lungs, with the sternum and gladiolus (body), jugular notch, sternal angle, and the xiphoid process, plus 12 pairs of ribs.

Explore the hyoid bone, noting its body and the greater and lesser horns. Identify its position as a higher bone.

Explore the appendicular skeleton, including right and left clavicle, scapula, girdle bones. Study upper limb bones—humerus, radius, ulna, wrist, palm, digits—and limb bones—femur, patella, tibia, fibula, ankle, foot bones, phalanges.

Learn the bones of the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) and upper limb (humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges), with scapular landmarks like glenoid cavity, coracoid, and acromion.

Outline scapula's posterior features, including the spine, supraspinous and infraspinous fossae, inferior angle, medial and lateral borders, glenoid cavity, chromium process, and coracoid process, and identify right versus left bones.

Identify the humerus, ulna, and radius in anterior and posterior views, noting greater and lesser tubercles, deltoid tuberosity, and the coronary fossa, olecranon fossa, coronary process, and olecranon process.

Explore wrist and hand anatomy, detailing metacarpals numbered from the thumb. Note phalanges include thumb proximal and distal, other digits have proximal, middle, and distal, plus radius and humerus.

Explore the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb, including os coxae, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges—anterior view shows seven tarsals, five metatarsals, and 14 phalanges.

Explore the pelvis from a posterior view, detailing the ilium, ischium, and pubis forming the acetabulum, sacroiliac joints, and pubic symphysis with the greater and lesser sciatic notches.

Compare female and male pelvis using anterior superior view; note lighter bones, wider sub pubic angle, and less curved coccyx in females, versus narrower space and protruded coccyx in males.

Identify femur anatomy from anterior and posterior views, including intercondylar fossa, head as a medial feature, greater and lesser trochanters, neck, and medial and lateral condyles, with patella attachment.

Identify tibia and fibula from anterior view, noting tibia lies medial to fibula and the medial and lateral condyles align, with the irregular head of fibula and lateral malleolus orientation.

illustrates the right foot anatomy, highlighting the dorsal surface, metatarsals, and phalanges; the big toe has proximal and distal phalanges, while toes 2–5 have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.

Explore the knee joint, identifying patella, femur, tibia, and fibula, and review posterior views of ligaments and menisci, including the ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL, and medial and lateral menisci.

Explore the motor unit, a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates, and the neuromuscular junction where the nerve communicates with the muscle through the motor end plate.

Explain how skeletal muscle contraction moves the insertion toward the origin to produce flexion, using the biceps example with origin on the scapula and insertion on the radius.

Identify superficial and deep skeletal muscles across head, neck, trunk, and limbs, noting attachments, fascia, and key muscles such as deltoid, trapezius, rectus abdominis, quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius.