How to become the perfect Web and Information Architect

Explore the design phase in web and mobile projects and define ux, ui, and front-end designer roles. Learn to read profiles and choose the right designer for your project.

Learn how the ux designer ensures a logical user flow from entry to completion, conducts usability tests, and defines interaction models, task flows, and deliverables like wireframes and storyboards.

UI designers shape each screen’s layout and visual path, ensure consistent design language and style across the product, and define interactions, colors, typography, and states.

Define the visual/graphic designer's role in shaping pixels, typography, and brand assets across desktop, web, and mobile, ensuring cohesive design and early cross-disciplinary collaboration.

Learn how interaction and motion designers use animations, transitions, and visual cues to guide user interaction on websites and apps.

Describe the ux researcher’s role by identifying why users behave and what they want, using interviews, A/B tests, and personas to guide design.

Explore how front-end developers translate static UI mockups into functional, interactive web interfaces using JavaScript and CSS, collaborating with designers and sharing work for review.

Explore the product designer as a versatile catch-all role that defines problems, sets benchmarks, and designs, tests, and iterates solutions, while promoting cross-role collaboration to own the user experience.

Recognize that selecting a designer is complex in web and mobile projects, as one person cannot cover development, user interface design, icons, and layout; assemble specialists.

Learn how to gather business requirements through meetings, workshops, and documentation, translating them into technical specifications and a signed contract with change management between client and development teams.

Describe a b2b product catalog web app for pharmacies, covering asset management for tablets and smartphones, login, product pages, cross-selling, training materials, and calendar-based profit and scheduling tools.

Document the requirements and technical briefing for a micro site where authenticated users access a raffle, answer a questionnaire, generate a consultant profile, join a campaign, and upload a photo.

Design an e-learning membership website that serves employees across companies on tablets and smartphones, featuring pages with blocks of text, videos, images, and hotspots, plus interactive slide-based progress and animations.

Create a membership e-learning platform with user profiles, course catalogs, quiz-driven navigation, slide-based assessments, and certificate printing to satisfy customer requirements.

Explore how to define business requirements for an eLearning membership website, using slides to present product knowledge, videos, and images while identifying gaps.

Design e-learning membership content using fill-in-the-blank prompts and deck-based questions, guiding users to assemble product parts correctly and distinguish right from wrong answers.

Outline customer requirements for an eLearning membership site, where the administrator oversees and manages courses, integrating simple and multi-slide courses with information and certificate slides via a dashboard.

Identify the main business requirements for an eLearning membership site and explore simple sketches, using Microsoft Paint on a tablet, to convey the specification to customers and employees.

Identify the solution by defining the final product (web site, desktop app, or service), select technologies, map building blocks (front end, back end, admin, interfaces), and outline requirements and deliverables.

Identify the skills and technologies needed to specify and implement a final web and information architecture solution, including front-end, back-end, databases, mobile platforms, and APIs.

Explore high level design by outlining the web application's main pages, using mind maps and tools like lusa chart and my maps to create site maps and processes.

Create the high level design for a product catalog app by mapping registration, login, product pages, cross-link pages, training materials, and documentation; refine the site structure with a main menu.

Develop a separate microsite for a web campaign with two domains and user authentication, generate profiles from a questionnaire, and enable image uploads via desktop or mobile using QR codes.

This high level design defines the building blocks of an eLearning membership site, with user profiles, filtered courses, slides, certificate, and admin controls.

Explore low-level design use cases by building a simple flowchart in Lucy, using steps, decisions, authentication, and data storage to map a web login process across pages and logs.

Explore low level design using use cases and flow charts to map a registration page, detailing input data, validation rules, and error handling, including email and password checks.

Explore the product catalog app's use cases and navigation, detailing the database structure, glossary-driven pages, cross-selling, and profit calculation across storytelling flows.

Define the use cases for a campaign micro site where dentists create profiles from questionnaire answers and view results. Users can upload photos and participate in a raffle.

Examine use cases for an e-learning membership website, showing how generic users and teachers navigate the dashboard, search courses, take quizzes, and print certificates.

Explore low level design with detailed process descriptions, illustrating a data-driven map that colors provinces by user counts and updates visuals as data changes.

Create a flowchart for a web app registration process, detailing steps from user goals to form fields, validation (email, address), error handling, database storage, activation, and redirect to login.

Explore the detailed registration and login workflows for a product catalog app, including password validation, email confirmations, multi-path login options, and database connections for session data.

Map the low level design of a website campaign, detailing authentication, prerequisite links, encrypted user id in the query string, and the flow from registration to raffle participation.

Describe and map the website campaign process, from retrieval and encryption to user journey decisions, login options, and redirection to a microsite, using flowcharts and indicators.

Navigate a detailed website campaign workflow from initial user actions and mockups to three option buttons, terms of use, a ten-question questionnaire, consultant selection, and an upload step.

Explore a website campaign flow describing subprocess interactions, button triggers, completed parts, flowcharts, and conditional pages for questionnaires and consultant types.

Illustrates the detailed process of an eLearning membership website, guiding users from landing and login to selecting courses, managing completion status, and advancing through course slides.

Explore a detailed process for an eLearning membership site, detailing slide sequencing, quiz gating, progress tracking, and how payments influence access to content.

Explore the detailed process of building an e-learning membership website, including slides, quizzes, point-based scoring, progress tracking, and verification rules.

Explore a simple example of creating a process for an elearning membership site, covering course completion states, slide progression, and late delivery of specific technical requirements.

Differentiate ux design from ui design and show how starting with ux followed by ui shapes a digital product through strategy, wireframes, prototypes, testing, and analytics.

Explore the differences and overlaps between user interface design and user experience, and learn how UI designers translate branding, visuals, look and feel, and interactivity into responsive digital interfaces.

Distinguish UX from UI by linking the user journey to product visuals. Learn to use wireframes and flowcharts to align screens, buttons, and icons into cohesive design.

Use wireframes to visualize a website's functionality and layout with placeholders and navigation in a low-fidelity blueprint for clear documentation and early communication with developers.

Frame content early with wireframes to drive rapid prototyping and identify problems. Use this visual representation to communicate ideas, reduce scope creep, and boost upfront usability and testing.

Clarify prototypes as middle to high fidelity representations that simulate final product interactions, address the confusion with the white frame, and enable user testing and front-end-backend integration.

Mockups are middle to high fidelity static designs representing the final product. Based on a wireframe, they establish visual style, colors, fonts, logos, and labels for forms and navigation.

Define the problem, target users, and competitors, then choose and blend wireframes, sketches, markup, and prototypes to fit your team’s deliverables, budget, and skills.

Begin with a sketch on paper, then wireframe to organize content and features. Add color, icons, and media to create a mockup with interactive elements like buttons and navigation.

Explore tools for sketches in web and information architecture, including interface scatch dot com templates and printable formats for Adobe Illustrator and PowerPoint.

Explore wireframe tools and platforms, from PowerPoint-based sketches to web-based prototyping services, to create powerful no-code prototypes, diagrams, workflows, and documentation.

Explore tools for mockups and prototyping across desktop and online options, including mac-based workflows, browser extensions, and free and premium wireframe tools for sharing designs.

Explore mockups, framed sketches, and powerful prototype tools, including two major platforms with pricing, to build near-final prototypes; learn to use PowerPoint for animations and interactions.

Create wireframes and prototypes for a product catalog app, detailing registration, login, product pages, features, cross selling, and technical specifications, using PowerPoint to design wireframes and mockups.

Design a product catalog app prototype using wireframes, mocks, and prototypes for desktop, tablet, and mobile, with image placeholders, menus, and buttons in PowerPoint or open source tools.

Explore wireframing the product catalog app with wireframes and mockups to prototype navigation, clickable links, and button interactions across pages.

Create wireframes, mockups, and prototypes for a product catalog app to align customers and developers, then document technical specs, database, use cases, and runtime flow.

Design wireframes for a campaign microsite with an authenticated user flow, including story, campaign, and questionnaire buttons, terms and conditions pages, and a profile page, with colors and imagery.

Create a dynamic website prototype by building wireframes, simulating navigation with animated slides, and presenting a customer-ready flow from home to terms of use.

Explore building a website campaign wireframe by linking slides to pages, applying conditional navigation, and integrating mockups and an upload workflow with terms, questionnaire, selfie submission.

Explore wireframes for an elearning membership site by shaping the profile page, adding buttons, and implementing a form in case study number three.

Explore wireframes for an eLearning membership website, focusing on consistent user interface elements, button design, and information architecture to build scalable navigation and content structure.

Design wireframes for an eLearning membership website and demonstrate using notes and tables to present information, calculations, and summaries within the web and information architecture.

Design wireframes for an elearning membership website using containers, placeholders, and symbols to support quizzes and content, and adjust sizes within each container.

Explore wireframes for an eLearning membership website, focusing on image size definitions, managing different image sizes, and integrating back-end components, bar graphs, and players within the design.

Explore how databases power websites and apps by organizing data into tables and rows, and manage access with a dbms to ensure acid transactions.

Explore relational databases as organized tables of rows and columns, and understand one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many relationships, with select, project, and join for scalable data retrieval.

Define a relational database by designing an entity-relationship structure with lucidchart, mapping tables with key fields and IDs for first name, last name, address, city, and age.

Define a primary key to uniquely identify each row with an id. Use a secondary key or index to speed up data retrieval, even when names or addresses repeat.

Define and enforce primary keys and foreign keys to model city, address, and user relationships, using joins and references to create a robust relational database architecture.

Explore how database administrators grant privileges and roles to users, using explicit and role-based permissions, covering system and object privileges, and controlling access to tables, views, and stored procedures.

Build a base database structure, link technical specifications, flow charts, and use cases into a complete document for clients and developers, then create tables and fields as an exercise.

Explore database structure (ii) in the context of becoming a top web and information architect, focusing on building lasting, non-temporary solutions.

Explore database structure by examining how prices differ for each brother, how to implement special offers, and how creating another table with an id and start date models related data.

Create and relate database elements to model category relationships, define a table with primary and foreign keys, and map cross-sell opportunities among products to build a robust database structure.

Explains how products fit into bundles and media training material, and models product tables and a product media site with foreign keys in a prototype database.

Explore database structure for media by detailing media types, primary keys, and foreign keys, and discuss stand in media for use in special devices.

Explore database structure concepts within web and information architecture, focusing on media assets, video integration, and library organization to reach a large audience via platforms like YouTube.

Design a scalable database structure linking users, products, and trainings. Build user and trainings tables, establish training history relationships, and map user trainings to track usage and progress.

Define the database structure and entity relationships for a web application, identify primary keys, and model users and attributes like first name while exploring data types and constraints.

Explore database structure concepts, using a primary key, 0/1 activation flags, and marking records as deleted to keep them available in the base data.

Learn about database structure and how components can form multiple composites within a course, using slides to illustrate different configurations.

Explain a database structure for a web and information architecture course, detailing courses, slides, components, and their relationships, including primary keys and component types such as image or video.

Coordinate and position components within a database-like structure, organizing slides with media compartments for images and videos. Duplicate slides, set left/right/top coordinates, apply colors, and enable mouseover interactions.

Explore database structure concepts in the context of web and information architecture, analyzing components, text blocks, and their connections to organize data effectively.

Explore how a database structure organizes slides and components, links content by slide numbers and IDs, and saves course progress for effective web and information architecture.

Design a database structure linking users and courses with a user_courses table, enabling progress tracking, total slides, and certificates for completed courses.

Identify and document technical requirements for a web application, including user registration, by translating customer needs into use cases, flowcharts, database structure, and implementation details, with versioned requirements and sign-off.

Learn how to shape technical requirements with agile versus detailed approaches, using a user registration form example to illustrate form fields, data flow, and critical privacy concerns.

Explore the technical requirements for a product catalog app, including data tables, registration page considerations, and how the developer manages artifacts.

Explore how to design a product catalog app with an overview page, product detail views, and frontend development considerations for versioned technical specifications.

Explore the product catalog app's technical requirements, including chart usage, defining areas and sections, drop-down selections, page visibility controls, and a chat-like commenting feature for development documents.

Specify font sizes and colors for UI elements in a product catalog app, guiding developers to create clear, reusable styles and classes for consistent design.

Explore the product catalog app's technical requirements and validation rules for emails, passwords, names, and zip codes, guiding the creation of solid technical specifications.

Develop a campaign microsite with authentication, a raffle workflow, and a database, implementing algorithms to generate user profiles, links, and mobile photo uploads.

Analyze the technical specifications for an eLearning membership website and align them with business requirements. Draft a high level design that structures the profile page and courses for students.

Examine the technical requirements for an eLearning membership website, including how to display coordinates, pixel counts, and bold titles across pages.

Explore a technical requirement for an e-learning membership website, detailing a two-slide mechanism with start and next buttons, database references, and documenting the algorithm in a separate word document.

Examine the technical workflow of an elearning membership site, including an algorithm that handles quiz submissions, navigates to next or success pages, and saves progress to a database.

Explore technical requirements for an elearning membership website, including display of hotspots on zoomed images, titles, main and secondary text, and managing up to ten spots.

Explore how scrum methodology enables fast decisions, self-organized teams, and clear requirements through user stories and a definition of done, illustrated with a registration flow.

Explore how to define user stories using a dedicated requirements document, detailing acceptance criteria, functional requirements, and the definition of done, plus readiness criteria and deliverables for projects.

Explore the definition of done in Scrum, using a reusable template with criteria, test cases, and workflows for forms, web services, SEO, and admin data management.

Develop and refine product catalog app user stories, including profile and thank-you flows, registration with inline validation, product selection, cart viewing, and documenting updates and definitions of done.

Create and validate user stories for a microsite campaign, outlining requirements and briefing workflows. Address wireframes, image uploads, and code generation with a smooth transition to a thank-you page.

Craft user stories from platform specifications so customers and developers can read them clearly. Create stories for students and teachers, detailing quizzes, permissions, study sessions, and course displays.

Define and validate the product catalog app's definition of done by outlining acceptance criteria, preconditions, and user stories; demonstrate form behavior, product selection, detail views, and chat features.

Define the definition of done for a campaign microsite by detailing authentication, acceptance criteria, and a test-first process, with wireframes, pages, and compliance to 10 pages before completion.

Learn how an upload function uses a progress bar, stores a photo on the server, and updates the user table with the file path as acceptance criteria.

Explore how to define acceptance criteria for user stories in an elearning membership website case study, linking stories to technical specifications and verifying user acceptance on the profile page.

Activate the definition of done for an elearning membership site by ensuring consistent slide components across pages, reliable start/resume/navigation, and correct slide increment through slides and quizzes.

Define and replicate a versioned, step-by-step process for an eLearning membership site, track history, implement exactly what is described, and manage sessions with reset and restart options.

Identify the project management triangle of time, resources, and quality, balance constraints with customer specifications, and translate requirements into technical specs, user stories, and acceptance criteria.

Learn to structure web and information projects by linking tasks with predecessors and successors, defining durations and milestones, and aligning deliverables from requirements to final product.

The project output includes software and a full package of deliverables like reports and training materials, and is evaluated by business and technical requirements, acceptance criteria, and final test reports.

Align tasks into a sequential project with successors and predecessors, linking inputs and deliverables from start to release, while guiding web architect through specifications, flowcharts, wireframe, prototypes, and test reports.

Learn how to create a project structure by breaking work into phases and tasks, defining business requirements, use cases, and milestones, with high-level and low-level planning verified by test reports.

Define a work breakdown structure by outlining phases, breaking them into tasks and subtasks, and assigning WBS codes to each level, using examples like 1.1, 1.2, and 2.1.

Break down work into phases and minimum tasks to define technical specifications and estimate timelines. Plan major and minor releases, test, fix bugs, and manage rollout to the final release.

Explain the traditional project management approach, featuring waterfall methodology and Gantt charts, with sequential phases from definition and requirements to planning, release, testing, and rollout.

Explore agile project management with scrum, using sprints, user stories, and acceptance testing to plan, release, and adapt web and information architecture with transparent backlogs.

Plan the product catalog app from the briefing, defining backend data and functionalities and aligning them with frontend outcomes. Break work into phases and stories using a work breakdown structure.

Plan and allocate the product catalog app effort by detailing hours for design, content, database, front-end, and media, then assign tasks to developers, designers, and a project manager.

Coordinate two-week sprints to assign dates for a product catalog app, aligning developer availability, ensuring database readiness precedes backend work, and coordinating design, content, and testing.

This lecture shows how to map activities to sprints and create a release plan for a product catalog app, detailing functional specifications, front-end registration, and coordinating developers for three implementations.

Develop a project plan for a campaign website, outlining specifications, user stories, resources, and costs, and detailing the main, home, questionnaire, upload, and results pages.

Plan a website campaign by assigning front-end and back-end developers and estimating hours. Build a timeline with start dates, milestones, and phased resource allocation.

Learn how to construct a release plan by turning requirements into two-week sprints, applying scrum methodology, and coordinating front-end work, fixes, and deadlines for a website campaign.

Develop a project plan for an e-learning membership site by detailing course structure with slides and components, and manage assets, hotspots, and boot camp decks.

Learn how to set up a project plan for an eLearning membership website by translating requirements and documents into task estimates, slides, and testing considerations.

Setup the project plan for an eLearning membership website by assigning an architect and designer, coordinating front-end, back-end, and database developers to ensure clear roles.

Develop a release plan using biweekly sprint planning, defining the release milestones, managing fixes and delays, and aligning backlog items, resources, and timing for a web application launch.

Set up the project plan for an elearning membership website, outlining task sequencing, resource allocation, and milestones. Coordinate timelines for database creation and development tasks to meet deadlines.

Define a project plan for an eLearning membership website, outlining resources, tasks, and timelines to deliver a software solution to customers.

Verify software quality with a structured testing process. Validate technical and business requirements, front-end and back-end functionality, data integrity, third-party integrations, and content accuracy.

Learn a complete testing strategy that covers unit, integration, and quality assurance, plus acceptance criteria and validation to ensure the product meets business requirements.

Define and document test scenarios to verify business requirements across end-to-end user flows, coordinating front-end and back-end testing and validating data, login, and submission outcomes.

Define a test case as a set of conditions and inputs to verify a software feature, including preconditions, steps, expected results, test case IDs, and defect reporting.

Learn to design and verify complex test cases for a form, including model selection, dropdown validation, preconditioning of the first name field, and front-end and back-end checks.

Define test scenarios and test cases for a product catalog app, aligning front-end and backend functionalities with login, validation, and message scheduling workflows.

Define test procedures for the website campaign and raffle microsite, aligned with the project and release plans to test front-end functionalities. Validate the main page against wireframes and page flows.

Define test scenarios for a website campaign, map questionnaire flows across pages, and record where users stop to determine next-page navigation.

Define test scenarios for a website campaign on the home page, focusing on preconditions and case-based variations. Analyze how preconditions and selections affect the user flow across different cities.

Define test scenarios for a website campaign by validating user login flows, microsite navigation, and logo presence across pages to ensure proper preconditioning and user experience.

Define test scenarios for a website campaign by outlining user actions, preconditions, and campaign progression. Show how completed status and display logic operate for multiple users across the campaign flow.

Translate the website campaign into test scenarios, including photo upload, the questionnaire flow, and terms acceptance, while validating success, failure, progress bars, and network interruption handling.

Explore test scenario and test case design for an e-learning membership website, including user profiles, course lists, dashboards with statistics, and process flows from course initiation to completion.

Define the test scenarios for an eLearning membership website, covering test execution, preconditions for new users, slide creation, and navigation where only the next button appears.

Define test scenarios for an eLearning membership website, validating course progress, resume visibility, slide navigation, and button and label states across pages.

Define test scenarios for an eLearning membership website by examining progress tracking, resume and restart flows, and slide transitions to verify correct sequencing and user flow.

Define test scenarios for an eLearning membership site; specify test cases across browsers and devices, track results in a test grid, and validate pass/fail outcomes.

Learn how integration tests validate a login flow by testing front end, data validation, and database interactions, and apply top-down, bottom-up, and Umbro approaches with regression testing.

Perform performance testing validates website responsiveness and stability under workloads, measuring scalability, reliability, and resource usage as users access pages, data, and forms through load, stress, soak, and spike tests.

Explore unit, integration, qa, and user acceptance tests to verify the system meets business requirements and workflows, including content, seo, third-party pages, frontend and backend in staging and production.

Define test scenarios for an eLearning membership website, verify course execution flow, preconditions, and user onboarding, and validate slide creation, title handling, and next-button behavior.

Organize the user acceptance tests by identifying contacts, testing locations, and test cases and test scenarios, then review guidelines, manuals, and known issues before reporting findings.

Organize user acceptance tests by designating a task manager with customer contacts and testers, who deliver daily reports and produce aggregated guidance on front-end and content readiness.

Organize user acceptance tests by compiling a material list, covering test cases, content pages, admin backend, CMS uploads, third-party integrations, and SEO guidelines.

Organize issue reporting through an incident management workflow using formal tickets, where testers, test managers, and assignees track, fix, and release defects within the software development cycle.

Coordinate user acceptance test execution using final product components and daily developer updates. Capture results, report issues via tickets, and close or reopen tickets once fixes are verified.

Document inputs and outputs to prevent stakeholder misunderstandings, clarify requirements, and enable smooth handovers; use a wiki-style, version-controlled documentation system with metadata, change history, and deadline tracking.

Discover how documentation structures align business requirements with technical briefs, deliver project documentation, and enable accurate effort estimation for web and information architecture.

Understand input guidelines that guide discussions with clients and developers, covering accessibility, content, databases, languages and libraries, analytics, infrastructure, cookies and privacy policies, and third-party guidelines.

Create a comprehensive technical briefing with wireframes, prototypes and access guides, then document specifications, use cases, flow charts, data structures, templates, sitemaps, component catalogs, and data validation rules.

Draft a contract that outlines business requirements, timelines, budget, and detailed scope, then obtain customer sign-off to formalize documentation for the web and information architecture project.

Discover how project documentation guides product development by detailing deliverables, tasks, dependencies, constraints, sprint plans, test plans, user stories, definition of done, test scenarios, and change requests.

Define comprehensive project deliverables by detailing style guidelines, third-party integration rules, APIs, content management and admin manuals, data structures, video upload workflows, and test reports to ensure service quality.

Define front-end style guidelines—from coding language rules and naming conventions to template and component reuse and viewport specifications—providing developers and maintainers with comprehensive documentation.

Provide third parties with front-end integration guidelines to ensure compliant content, including viewport rules, device considerations, naming conventions, asset and form handling, and JavaScript library version control.

Explore how to build modular web architecture by creating and reusing templates and components, detailing page classifications, template lists, and a scalable content management system.

Define the project concept as the foundation, detailing system requirements, backend and database structure, sitemap, page flows, wireframes, prototypes, and testing to align customers and developers.

Learn how to design and document an API that exposes data to third parties, using interactive documentation, Swagger tools, and step-by-step guidance.

Define and organize a website’s structure with a clear site map, page hierarchy, and navigable levels. Configure localization and market-specific mandatory and optional requirements to support different customers.

Develop clear user manuals that guide authors, content managers, agencies, and partners through admin panels and front-end forms - describing every button, checkbox, and use case to manage catalog data.

Develop a comprehensive component catalog detailing each block’s purpose, structure, and placement within templates to guide developers and content managers in assembling pages from reusable components.

discover how to design content gathering decks in a content management system, empowering managers to drag and drop components, specify page layouts, fields, translations, and seo metadata for multi-market websites.

Learn data validation rules for web forms, including input elements like first name, last name, and email, with max lengths, allowed characters, and mandatory fields.

Centralize all project documentation in a repository with clear versioning and package versions. Maintain up-to-date information with document IDs and deployment levels so users can easily retrieve the right materials.

Learn modular web design with reusable components to reduce complexity and boost consistency. Balance freedom with standardization using metadata-driven, backend-configurable components for responsive layouts on desktop, tablet, and mobile.

Learn how to modularize web design to achieve consistency and familiarity across pages by standardizing components, auditing for inconsistencies, and defining reusable system logic.

Compare modern page-driven design with traditional methods and see how modular templates enable scalable, reusable components across pages and devices.

Embrace modular web design by using components as reusable building blocks that replace rigid templates and improve content organization. Empower non-technical editors to assemble pages.

Adopt a modular web design approach by isolating content into reusable components, enabling targeted updates, patches, faster sign-offs, and lower deployment costs. Keep other parts unchanged to simplify maintenance.

Learn modular web design by building templates for logged in and not logged in states, with header, footer, and widget components, and break components into micro and macro components.

Explore object oriented programming for modular web applications by modeling software as interacting objects with attributes and methods, defined by classes, to support architecture choices and database integration.

Design modular web applications with self-contained modules that load dynamically and stay isolated. Enable independent optimization, clearer design, and reuse of form code via a controller to integrate modules.

Leverage modular web applications by using self-contained modules with well-defined interfaces and possible backend implementations. Coordinate models, views, and controllers to render data and support client-side rendering.