Learn Google Sheets - Beginner To Expert in 6 Hours

• Google Sheets is spreadsheet software

  • Spreadsheets

    • allow us to work with numbers.

    • are like customizable calculators.

    • allow us to organize and manage data.

  • Spreadsheets

    • word processing - work with words.

    • spreadsheets - work with numbers & data

  • Dan Bricklin - father of spreadsheets (1979)

• examples of spreadsheets

  • Google Sheets

  • Microsoft Excel

  • Apple Numbers

• Google sheets

  • web based / app based

  • free / fee

  • online / offline

  • collaboration

• working with Google sheets that have been shared with you

• moving google sheets

• getting to google sheets

  • log into google (you will need a google account)

  • google drive

  • sheets

• creating a new file

• naming the file

• saving

  • checking to see if its saved

• we will see how to close and share in the next video!

• closing

• opening again

  • finding the file …

• copying a file

• renaming a file

• brief preview of sharing a file

  • more on this in the collaborating section

• brief preview of sharing a file

  • more on this in the collaborating section

• google drive

• google sheets

• microsoft excel workbooks

• file extensions

  • open with

  • associating software with a file extension

• Workbook, worksheets

• columns, rows, cells

  • cell address

  • range address

  • the active cell has a BOX around it.

• top left area

  • green box - sheets home

  • name

  • star - starred files

  • move

  • save status

• drop down menus

  • "categories!"

  • view / view formula bar / show hide formula bar

• toolbar aka ribbons

• collapse icon

• top right area

  • comment

  • share

• shown on drop down menus

• help / keyboard shortcuts

• create a folder in google drive

  • in this folder, create a Google Sheet and name it

  • type something in cell B4

google docs allows you to dynamically build a table of contents

• converting from an excel "xlsx" file to a google sheet

• moving sheets

Pay attention to your mouse pointer

• your mouse pointer will change depending upon context

• pay attention to the way the mouse pointer looks

  • this will help you use Google Sheets more effectively

• adjusting columns and rows

  • you can make columns wider

  • you can make rows taller

• to enter data into a cell, click on the cell and start typing

  • press enter to accept

• you can edit data in a cell by

  • double-clicking the cell

  • or up in the formula bar

• copy / paste cell contents

• delete cell contents

• data from the web

  • paste special

  • clean in browser address bar

• format / number

  • changing the formatting changes what is shown

• arrow keys

  • active cell moves

  • arrow keys + shift

• CONTIGUOUS SELECTION

  • click → shift + click

• NON-CONTIGUOUS SELECTION

  • click → ctrl + click → ctrl + click → ctrl + click …

• selecting all cells

  • top left box between row & column headers

• average

• count

• sum

  The status bar in Google Sheets is a horizontal bar located at the bottom of the spreadsheet interface. It provides useful information and quick access to certain features. The status bar displays the current position of the active cell, showing the cell's column and row coordinates. It also shows the sum, average, count, and numerical count of the selected cells. In addition, the status bar allows users to adjust the zoom level of the spreadsheet, switch between sheet tabs, enable or disable gridlines, and access other view settings. The status bar is a convenient tool for navigating and managing your Google Sheets efficiently.

• moving files

• finding files

• deleting files

  • trash folder & deleting forever with "empty trash"

• enter and format

  • one number with commas and two decimals

  • currency with commas and no decimals

  • two dates

    • in these formats:

      • Monday

      • Monday, April 14th, 2029

• on SHEET 1 - create art

  • contiguous selection

    • click → shift + click

  • non-contiguous selection

    • click → ctrl + click → ctrl + click → ctrl + click …

  • rename the sheet SELECTIONS

• on SHEET 2 - create a page of color

  • selecting all cells

    • top left box between row & column headers

  • rename the sheet WHOLE PAGE COLOR

• color the tabs of the sheet

• =

  • all formulas start with the '=' sign

  • point and click method

• useful items

  • VIEW / SHOW / FORMULA BAR

  • show formulas

    • view / show / formulas ctrl+`

To write a formula in Google Sheets, follow these steps:

1. Select the cell where you want to enter the formula.

2. Begin the formula by typing an equal sign (=) in the selected cell.

3. Enter the desired function or mathematical operation. For example, to add the values in cells A1 and B1, you can type "=A1+B1".

4. Use parentheses to control the order of operations, such as "=A1*(B1+C1)".

5. Include additional functions or operators as needed, separating them with appropriate symbols. For example, "=SUM(A1:A5)" calculates the sum of values in the range A1 to A5.

6. Press Enter to apply the formula to the cell. The result of the formula will be displayed in the cell.

• relative references

• ab$olute references

• mixed references

  
  

In Google Sheets, there are three types of cell references: relative references, absolute references, and mixed references.

1. Relative References: When you use a relative reference in a formula, the reference is adjusted based on the position of the formula when copied or dragged to other cells. For example, if you have a formula "=A1+B1" in cell C1 and you copy it to cell C2, the formula will automatically adjust to "=A2+B2". The cell references change relative to the formula's new location.

2. Absolute References: An absolute reference is a fixed reference that doesn't change when the formula is copied or dragged to other cells. To create an absolute reference, you use the dollar sign ($) before the column and/or row reference. For example, if you have a formula "=A1*$B$1" and copy it to cell C2, the reference to cell B1 will remain unchanged as "$B$1" in all instances of the formula.

3. Mixed References: Mixed references combine elements of both relative and absolute references. You can fix either the column or row reference while allowing the other to adjust.

By using these different reference types, you can create flexible formulas that adjust dynamically or remain fixed based on your specific needs in Google Sheets.

Using relative and absolute references in a gradebook with a curve.

When you create a chart, what you select is crucially important. Generally speaking, you will want to select

• data, without totals

• column headers

• row headers

Sometimes that means selecting non-contiguous regions. To do that

• ctrl + click-&-drag

If you don't like the way a chart looks when you create it, try selecting different data and creating the chart again.

• Relative references

  • Write a formula which adds up B4:B7. Use relative references in your formula. Use the autofill handle to copy that formula across B8:M8

• Absolute references

  • Write a formula which calculates the tax. Use an absolute reference. Use autofill to copy the formula over as applicable.

• Mixed references

  • Write a formula to fill in each table. Use mixed references.

• chart

  • create a column chart with just LA, NY, and Tokyo.

• functions help us work more effectively and efficiently

In Google Sheets, functions are built-in formulas that perform specific calculations, manipulate data, or generate desired results. They are designed to simplify complex calculations and automate repetitive tasks. Here are some key aspects of functions in Google Sheets:

1. Syntax: Functions have a specific syntax that consists of the function name followed by parentheses (). Within the parentheses, you provide the necessary arguments or inputs for the function to work correctly.

2. Function Categories: Functions in Google Sheets are categorized based on their purpose, such as mathematical, statistical, logical, text manipulation, date and time, financial, and more. Each category contains multiple functions tailored to perform specific tasks.

3. Examples: Some commonly used functions in Google Sheets include SUM (adds a range of numbers), AVERAGE (calculates the average of a range), COUNT (counts the number of cells with numerical values), CONCATENATE (joins multiple text strings together), IF (performs a conditional test), and TODAY (displays the current date).

4. Auto-fill and Suggestions: Google Sheets provides auto-fill and suggestions to help users quickly find and apply functions. As you start typing a function name in a cell, Sheets offers suggestions based on the context and displays a brief description of the function.

5. Custom Functions: In addition to the built-in functions, Google Sheets also allows users to create their own custom functions using Apps Script, which is a JavaScript-based scripting language. Custom functions can be tailored to specific needs and can be used across multiple spreadsheets.

By leveraging the wide range of functions available in Google Sheets, users can perform complex calculations, manipulate data efficiently, and automate various tasks to analyze and present their data effectively.

• Using the sum function

  • range notation

• reading documentation

In Google Sheets, the SUM function is used to add up a range of numbers (a series of individual values). It calculates the total sum of the specified range. Here's an explanation of the SUM function and ranges in Google Sheets:

1. SUM Function Syntax: The basic syntax of the SUM function is "=SUM(range)" where "range" represents the cells or range of cells you want to add up. For example, "=SUM(A1:A5)" will sum up the values in cells A1 to A5.

2. Range: A range in Google Sheets refers to a group of cells that you want to include in a calculation. It can be defined by specifying the starting and ending cells, separated by a colon (:). For example, "A1:A5" represents a range of cells from A1 to A5.

3. Multiple Ranges: The SUM function can also handle multiple ranges by separating them with commas. For example, "=SUM(A1:A5, C1:C3)" will sum up the values in cells A1 to A5 and cells C1 to C3.

4. Range Operators: Google Sheets provides range operators to simplify the selection of ranges. The colon (:) operator represents a continuous range, while the comma (,) operator represents a non-continuous or disjointed range. For example, "A1:A5, C1:C3" represents two separate ranges.

5. Auto-fill Range: When using the SUM function, you can click and drag the fill handle of a selected cell to automatically apply the function to adjacent cells. The range will adjust accordingly, maintaining the relative references.

The SUM function is a powerful tool for quickly calculating totals in Google Sheets. By specifying the desired range(s), you can easily sum up numbers, whether they are in a contiguous range, non-adjacent ranges, or a combination of both.

• explore functions

• explore documentation

• learning how to learn

• figuring out how to figure things out

• a great teacher will teach you to not need the teacher

• a great teacher will teach a person to fish, and not just give them a fish

• Using the average functions

• reading documentation

The AVERAGE function in Google Sheets is a powerful tool that allows you to calculate the average of a range of numbers or a set of individual values. Here's an explanation of the AVERAGE function in Google Sheets:

1. AVERAGE Function Syntax: The basic syntax of the AVERAGE function is "=AVERAGE(range)" where "range" represents the cells or range of cells you want to include in the calculation. For example, "=AVERAGE(A1:A5)" will calculate the average of the values in cells A1 to A5.

2. Range: A range in Google Sheets refers to a group of cells that you want to include in the average calculation. It can be defined by specifying the starting and ending cells, separated by a colon (:). For example, "A1:A5" represents a range of cells from A1 to A5.

3. Multiple Ranges: The AVERAGE function can also handle multiple ranges by separating them with commas. For example, "=AVERAGE(A1:A5, C1:C3)" will calculate the average of the values in cells A1 to A5 and cells C1 to C3.

4. Ignoring Non-Numeric Values: The AVERAGE function automatically excludes non-numeric values, such as text or empty cells, from the calculation. It only considers numerical values within the specified range.

5. Auto-fill Range: Similar to other functions in Google Sheets, you can use the fill handle to apply the AVERAGE function to adjacent cells, automatically adjusting the range references.

The AVERAGE function is a convenient way to quickly find the average value of a set of numbers or a range of cells in Google Sheets. By using the AVERAGE function, you can easily calculate the mean value, helping you analyze and interpret data efficiently.

Using relative and absolute references in a gradebook with a curve.

These functions allow you to find the max value in a series of numbers, and find the min value in a series of numbers.

The MAX and MIN functions in Google Sheets are powerful tools for finding the highest (maximum) and lowest (minimum) values within a range of numbers or a set of individual values. Here's an explanation of the MAX and MIN functions in Google Sheets:

1. MAX Function Syntax: The MAX function's basic syntax is "=MAX(range)" where "range" represents the cells or range of cells from which you want to find the maximum value. For example, "=MAX(A1:A5)" will return the highest value from cells A1 to A5.

2. MIN Function Syntax: The MIN function follows a similar syntax, "=MIN(range)", and is used to find the lowest value within a specified range. For instance, "=MIN(A1:A5)" will give you the minimum value from cells A1 to A5.

3. Range: A range in Google Sheets refers to a group of cells that you want to include in the MAX or MIN calculation. It can be defined by specifying the starting and ending cells, separated by a colon (:). For example, "A1:A5" represents a range of cells from A1 to A5.

4. Multiple Ranges: Both the MAX and MIN functions can handle multiple ranges by separating them with commas. For example, "=MAX(A1:A5, C1:C3)" will find the highest value from both the A1 to A5 range and the C1 to C3 range.

5. Ignoring Non-Numeric Values: The MAX and MIN functions automatically ignore non-numeric values, such as text or empty cells, during the calculation. They consider only numerical values within the specified range.

These functions are valuable for various data analysis tasks, allowing you to quickly identify the highest and lowest values within a dataset. Whether you're working with a range of numbers or need to determine the maximum or minimum value from multiple ranges, the MAX and MIN functions in Google Sheets simplify the process and help you gain insights from your data.

You can generate random numbers using rand and randbetween.

The RAND and RANDBETWEEN functions in Google Sheets are used to generate random numbers. Here's an explanation of these functions:

1. RAND Function: The RAND function generates a random decimal number between 0 and 1. It has no arguments and requires no input. Each time the sheet is recalculated or edited, the RAND function produces a new random number. For example, typing "=RAND()" in a cell will generate a random decimal between 0 and 1.

2. RANDBETWEEN Function: The RANDBETWEEN function generates a random integer between two specified values. It takes two arguments: the minimum and maximum values for the desired range. For instance, "=RANDBETWEEN(1, 100)" will generate a random whole number between 1 and 100.

3. Recalculation: Both the RAND and RANDBETWEEN functions recalculate whenever there is a change in the sheet. This ensures that new random numbers are generated, providing fresh values for each recalculation.

4. Applications: The RAND and RANDBETWEEN functions are useful in various scenarios. They can be used for simulations, games, random sampling, or generating random test data. These functions enable the creation of dynamic and unpredictable elements within your Google Sheets.

It's important to note that each time the sheet is recalculated or edited, new random numbers will be generated, so if you want to freeze the random numbers, you can use Copy and Paste Special as Values to convert the formulas to static values.

The concat & textjoin functions allow you to join text together.

The TEXTJOIN function in Google Sheets is used to join multiple text strings together with a specified delimiter. It allows you to combine text from different cells or input values into a single string. Here's an explanation of the TEXTJOIN function:

1. TEXTJOIN Function Syntax: The basic syntax of the TEXTJOIN function is "=TEXTJOIN(delimiter, ignore_empty, text1, [text2], [text3], ...)".

- Delimiter: This is a required parameter and represents the character or text that will be used as a separator between the joined text strings.

- Ignore_empty: This is also a required parameter and specifies whether empty cells or text strings should be excluded from the concatenation. Use "TRUE" to ignore empty cells and "FALSE" to include them.

- Text1, [Text2], [Text3], ...: These are optional parameters that represent the text strings or cell references you want to join. You can include up to 253 text strings.

2. Example: For example, let's assume you have the following data:

- A1: "Hello"

- A2: "World"

- A3: "!"

To join these values with a space as the delimiter, you can use the formula "=TEXTJOIN(" ", TRUE, A1, A2, A3)". This will result in the output "Hello World !".

3. Range References: Instead of specifying individual text strings, you can also reference a range of cells using a range reference. For instance, if you have text strings in cells A1 to A5, you can use "=TEXTJOIN(", ", TRUE, A1:A5)" to concatenate them with commas as the delimiter.

4. Flexible Delimiters: The delimiter in the TEXTJOIN function can be a single character, multiple characters, or even another text string. For example, you can use "=TEXTJOIN("-", TRUE, A1, A2, A3)" to join the values with a hyphen as the separator.

5. Concatenating Different Data Types: The TEXTJOIN function can concatenate not only text strings but also numbers, dates, and other data types. It automatically converts non-text values to text before joining them.

The TEXTJOIN function is a useful tool for combining text from different cells or values with ease. It simplifies the process of merging text strings with specified delimiters, offering flexibility and efficiency in creating concatenated strings in Google Sheets.

This is a cool example!

In Google Sheets, the "Text to Columns" feature allows you to split a column of text into multiple columns based on a delimiter or fixed width. This feature is helpful when you have data that needs to be separated into different columns for analysis or organization. Here's how to use the Text to Columns feature:

1. Select the column or range of cells that you want to split.

2. Go to the "Data" menu at the top of the Google Sheets interface and click on "Split text to columns." Alternatively, you can right-click on the selected cells and choose "Split text to columns" from the context menu.

3. A dialog box will appear, providing you with options for splitting the text:

- Delimiter: If your text is separated by a specific character, such as a comma, space, or tab, select the appropriate delimiter option. You can also specify a custom delimiter by choosing "Custom" and entering the desired character.

- Separator location: Choose whether the delimiter is located "Automatic" (Google Sheets determines the position) or "Manually" (you specify the position).

- Split into: Select whether you want to split the text into "Columns" or "Rows."

4. After selecting your options, click "Split" to apply the text splitting.

Google Sheets will then divide the selected text column into separate columns based on the chosen delimiter or fixed width. Each separated element will be placed in its own corresponding column, and the original column will be replaced with the split columns.

For example, if you have a column containing "John Doe,25,Male" and you select the comma (",") as the delimiter, the text will be split into three columns: "John Doe" in the first column, "25" in the second column, and "Male" in the third column.

The Text to Columns feature in Google Sheets simplifies the process of splitting text into separate columns, allowing for better data organization and analysis.

— FYI —

In Google Sheets, you can ALSO split text on a delimiter using the SPLIT function. Here's how to do it:

1. Select the cell where you want to split the text or choose an empty cell where you want the split results to appear.

2. Use the SPLIT function with the following syntax:

=SPLIT(text, delimiter)

- "text" refers to the cell or text string you want to split.

- "delimiter" is the character or text string that indicates where to split the text.

3. Replace "text" with the cell reference or text string you want to split, and "delimiter" with the character or text string on which you want to split the text.

4. Press Enter to apply the formula. The text will be split into separate cells or columns based on the specified delimiter.

For example, let's say you have the text "Apple, Banana, Orange" in cell A1, and you want to split it into separate cells based on the comma (",") delimiter. In cell B1, you can enter the formula:

=SPLIT(A1, ",")

Upon pressing Enter, Google Sheets will split the text and display "Apple" in cell B1, "Banana" in cell C1, and "Orange" in cell D1.

Note that the SPLIT function divides the text into separate cells or columns. If you want to split the text into a single column, you can select a range of cells horizontally to accommodate the maximum expected number of split values.

The SPLIT function is a convenient tool for dividing text based on a specified delimiter, allowing you to extract and organize specific elements from a string of text in Google Sheets.

• XLOOKUP

  • not VLOOKUP or HLOOKUP

Use the XLOOKUP function to find things in a table or range by row. For example, look up the price of an automotive part by the part number, or find an employee name based on their employee ID. With XLOOKUP, you can look in one column for a search term and return a result from the same row in another column, regardless of which side the return column is on.

• Note: XLOOKUP is not available in Excel 2016 and Excel 2019, however, you may come across a situation of using a workbook in Excel 2016 or Excel 2019 with the XLOOKUP function in it created by someone else using a newer version of Excel.

• The XLOOKUP function searches a range or an array, and then returns the item corresponding to the first match it finds. If no match exists, then XLOOKUP can return the closest (approximate) match.

• =XLOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_array, return_array, [if_not_found], [match_mode], [search_mode])

The XLOOKUP function in Google Sheets is a powerful tool used to search for a value in a range or array and return a corresponding value from another column. It is an enhanced version of the VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP functions, providing more flexibility and capabilities. Here's an explanation of the XLOOKUP function:

1. XLOOKUP Function Syntax: The basic syntax of the XLOOKUP function is "=XLOOKUP(search_key, search_array, return_array, [if_not_found], [search_mode], [search_result_mode])".

- search_key: This is the value you want to search for within the search_array.

- search_array: This is the range or array where the search is performed.

- return_array: This is the range or array from which the corresponding value is retrieved.

- if_not_found: This optional parameter specifies the value to return if the search_key is not found. It can be left blank or set to a specific value or error.

- search_mode: This optional parameter determines the type of matching to perform, such as exact match or approximate match. It can be set to 0, 1, or -1.

- search_result_mode: This optional parameter specifies the type of search result to return. It can be set to 0 or 1.

2. Enhanced Functionality: The XLOOKUP function allows for both vertical and horizontal lookups, making it more versatile than the VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP functions. It can search for a value in the leftmost column of a range or array and return a value from any column to the right, or vice versa.

3. Multiple Criteria: XLOOKUP supports multiple criteria searching, enabling you to search for a value based on two or more conditions. This is achieved by using arrays or ranges for the search_key and search_array parameters.

4. Approximate Match: XLOOKUP can perform approximate matching for numerical or date values. By setting the search_mode parameter to 1 or -1, you can find the closest value that is less than or equal to the search_key.

5. Dynamic Arrays: XLOOKUP takes advantage of dynamic array formulas in Google Sheets, meaning it can automatically populate results across multiple cells if the formula is entered in a single cell.

The XLOOKUP function in Google Sheets provides enhanced searching capabilities, flexible matching options, and the ability to return results from any column within a range or array. It simplifies the process of finding and retrieving data, making it a powerful tool for data analysis and lookup operations.

• Use the following functions in the spreadsheet:

  • roundup

  • rounddown

The ROUNDUP and ROUNDDOWN functions in Google Sheets are used to round numbers to a specific number of decimal places or to the nearest whole number. Here's an explanation of these functions:

1. ROUNDUP Function: The ROUNDUP function rounds a number up to a specified number of decimal places or digits. The syntax is "=ROUNDUP(number, num_digits)".

- Number: This is the number you want to round up.

- Num_digits: This is the number of decimal places or digits to which you want to round up. A positive value specifies the number of decimal places, and a negative value specifies the number of digits to the left of the decimal point.

2. ROUNDDOWN Function: The ROUNDDOWN function rounds a number down to a specified number of decimal places or digits. The syntax is "=ROUNDDOWN(number, num_digits)".

- Number: This is the number you want to round down.

- Num_digits: This is the number of decimal places or digits to which you want to round down. Similar to ROUNDUP, a positive value specifies the number of decimal places, and a negative value specifies the number of digits to the left of the decimal point.

3. Example: Let's say you have the number 3.14159 in cell A1, and you want to round it to two decimal places. To round up, you can use the formula "=ROUNDUP(A1, 2)", which will give you 3.15. To round down, you can use "=ROUNDDOWN(A1, 2)", resulting in 3.14.

4. Whole Number Rounding: If you want to round a number to the nearest whole number, you can use "=ROUNDUP(number, 0)" to round up or "=ROUNDDOWN(number, 0)" to round down.

Both ROUNDUP and ROUNDDOWN functions are useful when you need to adjust or simplify the presentation of numbers in your Google Sheets. Whether you want to round up or down to a specific decimal place or round to the nearest whole number, these functions provide the necessary tools to perform accurate rounding operations.

• Use the following functions in the spreadsheet:

  • roundup

  • rounddown

find a function that counts empty cells, then use it

• put the poem in a sheet in one cell

  • hint: user the browser URL window technique

• split the text apart, using an empty space " " as the delimiter

• transpose the words vertically

• use the textjoin function on the words that were split apart in the previous exercise

  • join them with a delimiter other than a space

use XLOOKUP to determine the status for each person

• insert

• delete

• clear contents

• clear formatting

• to clear these, you must go into these

  • format / conditional formatting

  • format / alternating colors

To insert and delete columns and rows in Google Sheets, follow these steps:

1. Inserting Columns:

- Select the column to the right of where you want to insert a new column. For example, if you want to insert a column between columns B and C, select column C.

- Right-click on the selected column and choose "Insert 1 above" from the context menu. Alternatively, you can use the "Insert" menu at the top and select "Column left" or "Column right" to insert a new column in the desired position.

- A new column will be inserted, shifting the existing columns to the right.

2. Deleting Columns:

- Select the column(s) you want to delete.

- Right-click on the selected column(s) and choose "Delete column" from the context menu. Alternatively, you can use the "Edit" menu at the top and select "Delete column" to remove the selected column(s).

- The selected column(s) will be deleted, and the remaining columns will adjust accordingly.

3. Inserting Rows:

- Select the row below where you want to insert a new row. For example, if you want to insert a row between rows 2 and 3, select row 3.

- Right-click on the selected row and choose "Insert 1 above" from the context menu. Alternatively, you can use the "Insert" menu at the top and select "Row above" or "Row below" to insert a new row in the desired position.

- A new row will be inserted, shifting the existing rows downward.

4. Deleting Rows:

- Select the row(s) you want to delete.

- Right-click on the selected row(s) and choose "Delete row" from the context menu. Alternatively, you can use the "Edit" menu at the top and select "Delete row" to remove the selected row(s).

- The selected row(s) will be deleted, and the remaining rows will adjust accordingly.

By following these steps, you can easily insert and delete columns and rows in Google Sheets. Whether you need to reorganize your data or adjust the layout of your spreadsheet, these operations help you modify the structure of your sheet as needed.

• drag and drop

• cut and paste

• copy and paste

• edit menu

  • edit / move

To move columns in Google Sheets, you can use the drag-and-drop method or the Cut and Insert method. Here's how you can move columns using these approaches:

1. Drag-and-Drop Method:

- Select the entire column or range of cells within the column that you want to move.

- Hover your mouse cursor over the selected column until the cursor changes to a hand icon with four arrows.

- Click and hold the left mouse button and drag the column to the desired location.

- Release the mouse button to drop the column into the new position.

- The column will be moved, and the other columns will adjust accordingly.

2. Cut and Insert Method:

- Select the entire column or range of cells within the column that you want to move.

- Right-click on the selected column and choose "Cut" from the context menu. Alternatively, you can use the "Edit" menu at the top and select "Cut" to cut the selected column.

- Right-click on the destination column where you want to move the cut column.

- Choose "Insert 1 left" or "Insert 1 right" from the context menu to insert the cut column in the desired position.

- The column will be moved to the new location, and the other columns will adjust accordingly.

Both methods allow you to move columns within your Google Sheets. The drag-and-drop method offers a more visual and interactive approach, while the Cut and Insert method provides precise control over the column's placement. Choose the method that suits your preference and the level of precision you require for moving columns effectively.

• adding a sheet

• moving a sheet

• naming / renaming a sheet

• coloring a sheet tab

• removing a sheet

To add a sheet in Google Sheets, you can follow these steps:

1. Open your Google Sheets document in which you want to add a new sheet.

2. Locate the sheet navigation tabs at the bottom of the interface. These tabs display the existing sheets in your document.

3. To the right of the last sheet tab, you will find a small "+" button. Click on this "+" button.

4. A new sheet will be added to your document, and a blank tab will appear in the sheet navigation area.

5. Double-click on the newly created sheet tab to rename it. You can provide a descriptive name that represents the purpose or content of the sheet.

Alternatively, you can also use the following methods to add a sheet:

- Right-click on an existing sheet tab and select "Duplicate" from the context menu. This will create a copy of the selected sheet, including its content and formatting, as a new sheet.

- Use the keyboard shortcut: Shift + F11 (Windows) or Command + Option + N (Mac) to quickly add a new sheet.

By using any of these methods, you can easily add new sheets to your Google Sheets document. Each sheet serves as an individual workspace within the document, allowing you to organize and work with different sets of data or information.

You can freeze rows and headers to stay at the top or side

Freezing rows and columns in Google Sheets refers to the ability to lock specific rows or columns in place while scrolling through a spreadsheet. This feature allows you to keep certain rows or columns visible at all times, even when you're navigating through a large dataset. Here's what it means to freeze rows and columns in Google Sheets:

Freezing Rows:

- Freezing rows means keeping specific rows visible at the top of the sheet while scrolling vertically. Any rows above the frozen rows will be hidden when scrolling, ensuring that the frozen rows remain fixed in their position.

- To freeze rows, select the row below the rows you want to freeze. For example, if you want to freeze the first three rows, select row 4.

- From the "View" menu, choose "Freeze" and then "1 row" or "Up to current row" option. Alternatively, you can right-click on the row number and select "Freeze" from the context menu.

- The selected rows will be frozen, and as you scroll down, they will remain visible at the top of the sheet.

Freezing Columns:

- Freezing columns means keeping specific columns visible at the left side of the sheet while scrolling horizontally. Any columns to the left of the frozen columns will be hidden when scrolling, ensuring that the frozen columns remain fixed in their position.

- To freeze columns, select the column to the right of the columns you want to freeze. For example, if you want to freeze the first two columns, select column C.

- From the "View" menu, choose "Freeze" and then "1 column" or "Up to current column" option. Alternatively, you can right-click on the column letter and select "Freeze" from the context menu.

- The selected columns will be frozen, and as you scroll horizontally, they will remain visible on the left side of the sheet.

Freezing both Rows and Columns:

- You can also freeze both rows and columns simultaneously to keep specific rows and columns visible at all times. This is useful when you want to lock a specific section of the sheet while scrolling.

- To freeze both rows and columns, select the cell below and to the right of the rows and columns you want to freeze. For example, if you want to freeze the first three rows and the first two columns, select cell C4.

- From the "View" menu, choose "Freeze" and then "Up to current row" or "Up to current column" option. Alternatively, you can right-click on the cell and select "Freeze" from the context menu.

- The selected rows and columns will be frozen, and as you scroll through the sheet, they will remain visible at the top and left side, providing a fixed reference point.

Freezing rows and columns in Google Sheets is particularly useful when working with large datasets or when you need to reference specific information continuously. By freezing rows or columns, you can ensure that important data remains visible and easily accessible as you navigate through your spreadsheet.

You can hide rows and columns

To hide a column in Google Sheets, you can use either the right-click menu or the Format menu. Here are the steps to hide a column:

1. Select the column or range of columns that you want to hide. You can do this by clicking on the column letter at the top of the sheet or by clicking and dragging to select multiple columns.

2. Right-click on the selected column(s) and choose "Hide column" from the context menu. The selected column(s) will be hidden, and the remaining columns will adjust accordingly. Alternatively, you can use the "Format" menu at the top, navigate to "Column," and select "Hide" from the drop-down menu.

To unhide a hidden column:

1. Select the columns on either side of the hidden column. For example, if you want to unhide column C, select columns B and D.

2. Right-click on the selected columns and choose "Unhide columns" from the context menu. The hidden column will be restored and visible again.

Alternatively, you can use the "Format" menu, navigate to "Column," and select "Unhide" from the drop-down menu.

Hiding a column in Google Sheets allows you to temporarily remove it from view without deleting any data. This can be helpful when you want to focus on specific data or declutter your spreadsheet.

• file / version history / see version history

In Google Sheets, the "Versions" feature allows you to keep track of different versions of a spreadsheet and restore previous versions if needed. It is a useful tool for managing changes, collaborating with others, and recovering data. Here's an explanation of the Versions feature in Google Sheets:

1. Version History: Google Sheets automatically saves versions of your spreadsheet as you make changes. Each time you save your document, a new version is created. You can view the version history of a spreadsheet by going to the "File" menu at the top, selecting "Version history," and then choosing "See version history."

2. Viewing Versions: The version history panel will open on the right side of the screen, displaying a timeline of versions. Each version is marked with the time and date of the save, along with the user who made the changes.

3. Restoring Versions: To restore a previous version of your spreadsheet, select the version you want to revert to from the version history panel. You can preview the selected version by clicking on it. If you decide to restore that version, click the "Restore this version" button. The spreadsheet will revert to the selected version, and any changes made after that version will be discarded.

4. Collaborative Editing: The Versions feature is particularly useful when collaborating with others on a spreadsheet. It allows you to see who made specific changes and easily track and revert to previous versions if necessary.

5. Automatic Saving: Google Sheets automatically saves your changes in real-time, so you don't have to worry about manually saving your work. This ensures that each change you make is captured in the version history.

The Versions feature in Google Sheets provides a convenient way to manage and restore previous versions of your spreadsheet. It enables you to keep a record of changes, collaborate effectively, and have peace of mind knowing that you can revert to an earlier version if needed.