Google Sheets Course in Hindi for Beginners

This Lecture gives an overview of Google Sheets. These Sheets are made of two pieces, the Ribbon and the Sheet. The Ribbon contain shortcuts to Google Sheets commands.

This Lecture tells students that how is google sheets different from excel.

Everything in google sheets starts with a formula. A formula in Google Sheets is used to do mathematical calculations. Formulas always start with the equal sign = typed in the cell, followed by your calculation. So first select any cell then type equal symbol there then use Formula for calculations.

Students can understand why syntax is important and how to write function in google sheets.

Range is an important part of Google Sheets because it is related with selections of cells. You can selections by 4 ways. These are Selecting a cell, Selecting multiple cells, Selecting a Column, and Selecting a row.

Students can learn some points like

what are ranges in google sheets?

what does data range mean in google sheets?

how to remove all protected ranges in google sheets?

how to make ranges in google sheets?

how to select multiple ranges in google sheets?

how to add ranges in google sheets?

Filling is used to fill ranges with values, so that you do not have to manually type the entries. It can be used for Copying, Sequences, Dates, and functions etc. This filling can be done by draging the square icon present on button right corner of the cell to the end of selection of cell range. You can also fill cells just by double clicking the square icon on button right corner of the cell.

Students can Learn how to fill in google sheets

where is fill handle in google sheets

where is fill color in google sheets

how do i fill down in google sheets

how to fill columns in google sheets

how to fill in numbers in google sheets

where is fill in google sheets

what is the fill handle in google sheets

why can't i change the fill color in google sheets

There are two ways to move cells: Drag and drop or by copy and paste. In drag and drop you move mouse cursor on any border of the cell and then drag when you see Hand symbol over any border of the cell. And drop that cell to where you want to position it.

So Students can Learn how to move multiple cells in google sheets.

Columns and Rows can be added and deleted. You access Options for Rows and Columns by right clicking on the Cell.

So Students can Learn how add cells in google sheets

how to add a range of cells in google sheets

how to add cell in google sheets

how to add certain cells in google sheets

Cells can be deleted by selecting them, and pressing the Delete key on the keyboard. You can also delete cells by option appearing after the right clicking on the cell.

Students can learn how do you delete cells in google sheets.

The Undo function lets you reverse an action and Redu function lets you reverse the Undo action. So students can learn how to undo in google spreadsheet.

A formula in Google Sheets is used to do mathematical calculations. It always start with the equal sign (=) typed in the cell.

So students can learn

What are formulas in google sheets?

Why are my formulas not working in google sheets?

What are the basic formulas in google sheets?

How do i use formulas in google sheets?

How to add formula in google sheets? 

How to see formulas in google sheets? 

How to copy and paste formulas in google sheets?

The relative reference makes the cells reference free. It gives the fill function freedom to continue the Calculation without restrictions. they are used without Doller sign. Whereas Absolute reference tells Google Sheets to lock a reference. The dollar sign ($) is used to make references absolute. you can write absolute reference as $A$1 whereas relative reference as A1.

Now Students can Learn what is difference between relative and absolute reference.

These operators are used to do Addition Substraction multiplication and division operations in google sheets.

Parentheses () are used to change the order of an operation in google sheets.

Here Students can learn the Order of operation when parentheses are used.

Google Sheets has many premade formulas. These are called functions. You can use them just by typing = symbol followed by the name of the function.

Students can learn to use functions in sheets

How to use google sheets functions?

How to add functions in google sheets?

When you work on Google sheets. It is necessary to set up some changes according to your country. So Google Sheets provides regional formatting settings for different languages and styles of presenting information. These Location settings help us to solve different formats in currencies, dates etc.

if you want to present your google sheet in stylish way then you should know formatting in google sheets like color formatting, text formatting etc.

Students can learn how do they format a cell in google sheets

How to format numbers in google sheets?

How to format rows in google sheets

what is conditional formatting in google sheets?

How do i format columns in google sheets?

Google sheets lets you format fonts in four different ways: color, font name, size and other characteristics.

You can access the Borders menu in the Ribbon. Where you can see various styling border options.

Number formats can be changed by clicking the Number format dropdown (), accessed in the Ribbon. Number formats can be Autometic, Number, currency, and time.

It is used to clear all the format applied to your spreadsheet. This Operation is present in Format tab.

You can remove all the format from the selected cell range using this Tab.

If you Sort a spreadsheet by range, you can do complex sorting on multiple columns. it allows for more complex sorting of data.

Conditional formatting is used to change the appearance of cells in a range based on your specified conditions. Main conditional formatting options are Single color and Color scale. By using these options you can make your spreadsheet attractive.

Students can learn what is conditional formatting in google sheets.

conditional formatting in google sheets based on another cell.

conditional formatting in google sheets entire row

How to do conditional formatting in google sheets?

Google sheets has commands for sorting the data in Ascending or Descending order. If you Sort a spreadsheet by column, it preserves the relation between multiple data columns. If you Sort a spreadsheet by range by column , it does not preserves the relation between multiple data columns. So you should use it very carefully.

The AND function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which returns TRUE or FALSE based on two or more conditions. Before using any premade formula you must type "=" sign in the cell.

If you adds up all the cell values and divides that sum by the total number of values. you can get average. But there is a premade function in Google Sheets, which calculates the average (arithmetic mean). You can use it to calculate average of data points.

This function takes 3 values as parameter. It is a premade function in Google Sheets, which calculates the average of a range based on a true or false condition. You can see its formula as "AVERAGEIF(criteria_range, criterion, [average_range]".

Students can learn how to use the averageif function in google sheets.

This function is an extention of averageif. Its formula recieves values in more than 3 parameters. Formula for this premade function is "AVERAGEIFS(average_range, criteria_range1, criterion1, ...)".

The COUNT function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which counts cells with numbers. Its formula is "=COUNT(value1, [value2, ...])".

The COUNTBLANK function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which counts empty cells in a range. Its formula is "COUNTBLANK(value1, [value2, ...])".

The COUNTIF function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which counts cells that match a specified condition. Its Formula is "=COUNTIF(range, criterion)".

The COUNTIFS function is a premade function in Spreadsheet, which counts cells in a range based on one or more true or false condition. Its formula is "=COUNTIFS(criteria_range1, criterion1, [criteria_range2, ...], [criterion2, ...])".

It is a premade function in Google Sheets, which returns values based on a true or false condition. You can see its formula as "=IF(logical_expression, value_if_true, value_if_false)".

The IFS function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which returns values based on one or more true or false conditions. Its formula is "=IFS(logical_test1, value_if_true1, [logical_test2, value_if_true2], [logical_test3; ...)".

The MAX function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which finds the highest number in a range. Its formula is "=MAX(value1, [value2, ...])".

The MEDIAN function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which returns the middle value in the ordered data set. Its formula is "=MEDIAN(value1, [value2, ...])".

The MODE function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which is used to find the most common value(s). It has two formulas to calculate Mode. These are "=MODE.SNGL(value1, [value2, ...])" and "=MODE.MULT(value1, [value2, ...])".

The OR function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which returns TRUE or FALSE based on two or more conditions. Its Formula is "=OR(logical_expression1, [logical_expression2, ...])".

The STDEV.P function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which calculates the Standard Deviation for the entire population. Here "P" is for population. Its formula is "=STDEV.P(value1, [value2, ...])". Similarly you can use STDEV.S to calculate Standard Deviation for sample in place of population. Sample is a small set of Population.

The SUM function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which adds up more than 2 numbers in a range. Its formula is "=SUM(value1, [value2, ...])".

The SUMIF function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which calculates the sum of values in a range based on a true or false condition. Its formula is "=SUMIF(range, criterion, [sum_range])".

SUMIFS function is an extention of SUMIF function. It is a premade function in Google Sheets, which calculates the sum of a range based on one or more true or false condition. Its formula is "=SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criterion1, [criteria_range2, ...], [criterion2, ...])".

The VLOOKUP function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which allows searches across columns vertically. Its formula is "=VLOOKUP(search_key, range, index, [is_sorted])" . Here "V" is used to denote Vertical.

The XOR function is a premade function in Google Sheets, which returns TRUE or FALSE based on two or more conditions. It is oftain used with IF function. It is similar to AND OR functions. Its formula is "=XOR(logical_expression1, [logical2_expression, ...])". It gives TRUE only when it gets different inputs.

It makes a new Array with a specified size. Generally, It is used in combination with other functions that return an array result when a fewer number of rows or columns are desired. Its Formula is "=ARRAY_CONSTRAIN(input_range, num_rows, num_cols)".

BYCOL function groups an array by columns by application of a LAMBDA function to each column. similar type of work is done by BYROW function but with Rows. Its syntax is BYCOL(array_or_range,LAMBDA) and BYROW(array_or_range,LAMBDA).

This function creates a new array from the selected rows/columns in the existing range.

This function flattens all the values from one or more ranges into a single column. Its syntax is "=FLATTEN(range1, [range2, …])".

This function calculates the frequency distribution of a one-column array into specified classes. Its syntax is "FREQUENCY(data, classes)".

This function can be used to predicts future values. Its syntax is "GROWTH(known_data_y, [known_data_x], [new_data_x], [b])".

This function appends arrays horizontally and in sequence to make a larger array. Its syntax is "HSTACK(range1; [range2, …])".

Using this function you can get an array of specified dimensions with values calculated by application of a LAMBDA function. Its syntax is MAKEARRAY(rows, columns, LAMBDA).

This function maps each value of the given arrays to a new value by the use of a LAMBDA function to each value of array. You can see its syntax as MAP(array1, [array2, ...], LAMBDA).

REDUCE function reduces an array to an accumulated result by the use of a LAMBDA function to each value. You can see its syntax as REDUCE(initial_value, array_or_range, LAMBDA).

It returns an array of the intermediate values with the use of LAMBDA function applied to each value. Its syntax is SCAN(initial_value, array_or_range, LAMBDA).

It calculates the sum of the differences of the squares of values in two arrays. Its syntax is SUMX2MY2(array_x, array_y).

It calculates the sum of the products of corresponding entries in 2 equally sized arrays or ranges. Its syntax is SUMPRODUCT(array1, [array2, ...]).

It calculates the sum of the sums of the squares of values in two arrays. Its syntax is SUMX2PY2(array_x, array_y).

It calculates the sum of the squares of differences of values in two arrays. Its syntax is SUMXMY2(array_x, array_y).

TOCOL function can scan values by column, top to bottom and by row, left to right. And transforms an array or range of cells into a single column. Its syntax is TOCOL(array_or_range, [ignore], [scan_by_column]).

TOROW function transforms an array or range of cells into a single row. It can scan values by column, top to bottom and by row, left to right. Its syntax is TOROW(array_or_range, [ignore], [scan_by_column]).

This function transposes the rows and columns of an array or range of cells. Its syntax is TRANSPOSE(array_or_range).

This function is used to predict future values. Its syntax is TREND(known_data_y, [known_data_x], [new_data_x], [b]).

VSTACk function appends ranges vertically and in sequence to return a larger array. Its syntax is VSTACK(range1; [range2, …]).

WRAPCOLS function wraps the provided row or column of cells by columns after a specified number of elements to Make a new array. WRAPROWS function wraps the provided row or column of cells by rows after a specified number of elements to form a new array.

DAVERAGE Function returns the average of a set of values selected from a database table-like array using a SQL-like query.

DSUM returns the sum of values selected from a database table-like range using a SQL-like query. Its syntax is DSUM(database, field, criteria).

STDEVP function calculates the standard deviation based on an entire population.

Date function converts a year, month, and day into a date. And NOW function is used to get current date and time. Syntax of DATE is DATE(year, month, day), And syntax of NOW function is NOW().

The DAYS function returns the number of days between two dates.

The BIN2DEC function converts a binary number to decimal number.

The BITAND function returns the bitwise boolean AND of two numbers.The BITOR function returns the bitwise Boolean OR of 2 numbers. BITXOR funciton return true when it get different input.

The COMPLEX function creates a complex number. Such number has two parts real part and imaginery part.

It return only rows or columns that meet the specified conditions. Its syntax is FILTER(range, condition1, [condition2, ...]).

SORT function orders the rows of a given array or range by the values in one or more columns. Its syntax is SORT(range, sort_column, is_ascending, [sort_column2, is_ascending2, ...]).

UNIQUE Returns unique rows in the provided source range, discarding duplicates.Its syntax is UNIQUE(range, by_column, exactly_once).

It identifies the language used in text within the specified range. Its syntax is DETECTLANGUAGE(text_or_range).

This function translates text from one language into another. Its syntax is GOOGLETRANSLATE(text, [source_language, target_language]).

IMAGE function is used to Insert an image into a cell.

SPARKLINE Function creates a miniature chart contained within a single cell. Its syntax is SPARKLINE(data, [options]).

GOOGLEFINANCE Function can be used to get historical securities information from Google Finance. Its syntax is GOOGLEFINANCE(ticker, [attribute], [start_date], [end_date|num_days], [interval]).

ERROR.TYPE function returns a number corresponding to the error value in a different cell. Each number is related with an error type.

These functions are used to get information.

The AND function returns true if all the provided arguments are true and false if any of the provided arguments are false. IF function returns one value if a logical expression is `TRUE` and another if it is `FALSE`. IFS function analyse multiple conditions and returns a value that corresponds to the first true condition.

LET function assigns a value to a variable So that we can use this variable anywhere on the spreadsheet. Its syntax is LET(name1, value_expression1, [name2, …], [value_expression2, …], formula_expression ).

Tests an expression against a list of cases and returns the corresponding value of the first matching case, with an optional default value if nothing else is met. Its syntax is SWITCH(expression, case1, value1, [case2, value2, ...], [default]).

ADDRESS function returns a cell reference as a string. Its syntax is ADDRESS(row, column, [absolute_relative_mode], [use_a1_notation], [sheet]).

Extracts a value from a pivot table that corresponds to the specified row and column headings. Its syntax is GETPIVOTDATA(value_name, any_pivot_table_cell, [original_column, ...], [pivot_item, ...]).

HLOOKUP function searches across the first row of a range for a key and returns the value of a specified cell in the column found. Its syntax is HLOOKUP(search_key, range, index, [is_sorted]).

INDEX function returns the content of a cell, specified by row and column offset. Its syntax is INDEX(reference, [row], [column]).

LOOKUP function looks through a sorted row or column for a key and returns the value of the cell in a result range located in the same position as the search row or column. Its syntax is LOOKUP(search_key, search_range|search_result_array, [result_range]).

VLOOKUP Function searches down the first column of a range for a key and returns the value of a specified cell in the row found. Its syntax is VLOOKUP(search_key, range, index, [is_sorted]).

The XLOOKUP function returns the values in the result range based on the position where a match was found in the lookup range. If no match is found, it returns the closest match. Its syntax is XLOOKUP(search_key, lookup_range, result_range, missing_value, match_mode, search_mode).

The ABS function returns the absolute value of a number.

The ACOS function returns the inverse cosine of a value in radians.

The ASIN function returns the inverse sine of a value in radians.

The BASE function converts a decimal number into a text representation in another base.

The CEILING function rounds a number up to the nearest integer multiple of specified significance.

The COS function returns the cosine of an angle provided in radians.

Countif returns a conditional count across a range.

Countifs returns the count of a range depending on multiple criteria.

The countunique function counts the number of unique values in a list of specified values and ranges.

The DECIMAL function converts the text representation of a number in another base, to base 10.

The DEGREES function converts an angle value in radians to degrees.

The Even function rounds a number up to the nearest even integer.

The FLOOR function rounds a number down to the nearest integer multiple of specified significance.

The FACT function returns the factorial of a number.

The GCD function returns the greatest common divisor of one or more integers.

The IMSQRT function computes the square root of a complex number.

The ISEVEN function Checks whether the provided value is even.

The ISODD function Checks whether the provided value is odd.

The POWER function returns a number raised to a power.

The PRODUCT function returns the result of multiplying a series of numbers together.

The quotient function returns one number divided by another, without the remainder.

The RAND function returns a random number between 0 inclusive and 1 exclusive.

The RANDARRAY function generates an array of random numbers between 0 and 1.

The RandBetween function returns a uniformly random integer between two values, inclusive.

The ROUND function rounds a number to a certain number of decimal places according to rules.

The SIGN function on applying on input returns returns `-1` if input is negative, `1` if input is positive, and `0` if input is zero.

The SQRT function returns the positive square root of a positive number.

The SUM function returns the sum of a series of numbers and/or cells.

The SUMIF function returns a conditional sum across a range.

The SUMIFS function returns the sum of a range depending on multiple criteria.

The TRUNC function truncates a number to a certain number of significant digits by omitting less significant digits.

The ADD function returns the sum of two numbers.

The CONCAT function returns the concatenation of two values and it is equivalent to the `&` operator.

The DIVIDE function returns one number divided by another.

The UMINUS function returns a number with the sign reversed.

The EQ function returns "TRUE" if two specified values are equal and "FALSE" otherwise.

The GT function returns `TRUE` if the first argument is strictly greater than the second, and `FALSE` otherwise and it is equivalent to the `>` operator.

The GTE function returns `TRUE` if the first argument is greater than or equal to the second, and `FALSE` otherwise and it is equivalent to the `>=` operator.

The LT function returns `TRUE` if the first argument is strictly less than the second, and `FALSE` otherwise. Equivalent to the `<` operator.

The LTE returns `TRUE` if the first argument is less than or equal to the second, and `FALSE` otherwise. Equivalent to the `<=` operator.

The NE function returns "TRUE" if two specified values are not equal and "FALSE" otherwise. Equivalent to the "<>" operator.

The MINUS function returns the difference of two numbers.

The MULTIPLY function returns the product of two numbers. Equivalent to the `*` operator.

The UNIQUE function returns unique rows in the provided source range, discarding duplicates.

The ISBETWEEN function checks whether a provided number is between two other numbers either inclusively or exclusively.

The CONVERT function converts a numerical value to a different unit of measure.

The TO_DOLLARS function converts a provided number to a dollar value.

The TO_PERCENT function converts a provided number to a percentage.

The TO_PURE_NUMBER function converts a provided date/time, percentage, currency or other formatted numerical value to a pure number without formatting.

The TO_TEXT function converts a provided numeric value to a text value.

The CORREL function calculates r, the Pearson correlation coefficient of a dataset.

The COVAR function calculates the covariance of a dataset.

The MAX function returns the maximum value in a numeric dataset.

The MAXIFS function returns the maximum value in a range of cells, filtered by a set of criteria.

The MEDIAN function returns the median value in a numeric dataset.

The MINIFS function returns the minimum value in a range of cells, filtered by a set of criteria.

The STDEV function calculates the standard deviation based on a sample.

The MODE function returns the most commonly occurring value in a dataset.

The VAR function calculates the variance based on a sample.

The CHAR function converts a number into a character according to the current Unicode table.

The CONCATENATE function appends strings to one another.

The DOLLAR function formats a number into the locale-specific currency format.

The EXACT function tests whether two strings are identical.

The LEN function returns the length of a string.

The LOWER function converts a specified string to lowercase.

The MID function returns a segment of a string.

The PROPER function capitalizes each word in a specified string.

The REPLACE function replaces part of a text string with a different text string.

The RIGHT function returns a substring from the end of a specified string.

The SEARCH function returns the position at which a string is first found within the text, ignoring the case.

The SPLIT function divides text around a specified character or string and puts each part into a separate cell in the row.

The SUBSTITUTE function replaces existing text with new text in a string.

The TEXT function converts a number to text according to a specified format.

The TEXTJOIN function combines the text from multiple strings, with a specifiable delimiter separating the different texts.

The TRIM function removes leading, trailing, and repeated spaces in text.

The AVERAGE function returns the numerical average value in a dataset, ignoring text.

The AVERAGEA function returns the numerical average value in a dataset.

The AVERAGEIF function returns the average of a range depending on criteria. Its syntax is given by AVERAGEIF(criteria_range, criterion, [average_range]) .

The AVERAGEIFS function returns the average of a range depending on multiple criteria. Its syntax is AVERAGEIFS(average_range, criteria_range1, criterion1, [criteria_range2, criterion2, ...])

The HYPERLINK function creates a hyperlink inside a cell.

The ENCODEURL function encodes text so it can be used in the query string of a URL.

The IMPORTHTML function imports data from a table or list within an HTML page. Its syntax is IMPORTHTML(url, query, index).

The IMPORTXML function imports data from any of various structured data types including XML, HTML, CSV, TSV, RSS and ATOM XML feeds. Its syntax is IMPORTXML(url, xpath_query, locale).

The IMPORTRANGE function imports a range of cells from a specified spreadsheet. Its syntax is IMPORTRANGE(spreadsheet_url, range_string).

The ISURL function checks whether a value is a valid URL.

The IMPORTHTML imports data from a table or list within an HTML page of any website.

The IMPORTFEED function imports an RSS or ATOM feed. Its syntax is IMPORTFEED(url, [query], [headers], [num_items]).

Using your table data you can now make charts to visualize data.

Students can learn how to make chart in google sheets.

how to make a chart in google sheets with data?

charts and graphs in google sheets

Students can learn how to make charts of each series or column and visualize it.

how to make an average chart in google sheets

how to make a chart on google sheets on computer

how to make pie chart in google sheets without percentage

how to make a chart in google spreadsheet

This lecture tells to make Drop Down list in google sheets.

This lecture shows how to freeze rows or columns.

Ampersand is used to concatenate text.

Left right and mid functions are used to cut certain portion from a text.

This lecture tells how to hide columns in google sheets.

This lecture tells how to share file in google sheets.

You can use Query function in google sheet here.

Runs a Google Visualization API Query Language query across data. Its syntax is QUERY(data, query, [headers]).

It is used to create Forms in Google sheet.

Data validation is a feature by which the type of data input by a user in a cell is controlled. Various rules are provided to control user input.

Google App Sheets is a powerful cloud-based spreadsheet application offered by Google. Developed as part of the Google Drive suite, Google App Sheets provides an intuitive platform for creating, editing, and analyzing data in a collaborative manner. With its wide range of features and capabilities, Google App Sheets has become a popular choice for individuals and businesses alike.

At its core, Google App Sheets functions similarly to traditional spreadsheet applications, such as Microsoft Excel. However, what sets it apart is its ability to seamlessly integrate with various Google services and third-party applications, making it a versatile tool for data management and automation. Users can access and work on their spreadsheets from any device with an internet connection, ensuring easy collaboration and real-time updates.

A notable feature of Google App Sheets is its extensive library of pre-built templates and add-ons. These templates cover a wide range of use cases, from project management and budgeting to inventory tracking and data analysis. Moreover, users can extend the functionality of Google App Sheets by installing various add-ons developed by Google or third-party developers. These add-ons introduce additional features and integrations, enabling users to customize their spreadsheet experience according to their specific needs.

You can use GPT functions in Google sheet to Access data.

Google Apps Script utilizes JavaScript as its underlying programming language, making it accessible to a wide range of users, including those with little to no programming experience. The language is designed to be beginner-friendly, with a straightforward syntax and numerous built-in libraries and APIs that simplify common tasks.

In this lecture we learn how to get and set Google Sheet cell values.

In this we learn how to attach function to a button present on a Google Sheet.

In this video we learn how to make Custom dialogues

In this video we learn how to use For loop to access multiple cell data of Google Sheets.

In this video we learn how to use For loop to set multiple data in a Google Sheets cell.

In this lecture we will see how to use if else in Google Sheets.

In this lecture we will discuss how to make custom functions like premade function of Google Sheets.

Google Sheets Triggers are a powerful feature that allows users to automate tasks and workflows within Google Sheets. Triggers can be set up to perform specific actions based on certain events or changes within the spreadsheet.

With Google Sheets Triggers, users can create custom scripts that will run automatically when a specified event occurs. For example, a trigger can be set up to send an email notification when a certain cell in the spreadsheet is updated, or to automatically update data from an external source at regular intervals.

In the fast-paced world of today, time is of the essence. Whether you're a student, a professional, or an entrepreneur, finding ways to streamline your work and automate repetitive tasks is essential. This is where Google Sheets macros come into play – a powerful feature designed to save you time and effort, allowing you to focus on more critical aspects of your work.

Looker Studio is a powerful data exploration and visualization tool that allows users to analyze and understand their data easily. It provides a user-friendly interface that enables users to create and customize visualizations, dashboards, and reports without the need for extensive coding or technical expertise.

With Looker Studio, users can connect to a variety of data sources, including databases, data warehouses, and cloud-based platforms, to bring all of their data together in one place. This unified view of data makes it easier for users to identify trends, patterns, and insights that can support better decision-making and strategic planning.

This lecture will help students in automated email sending.