
Observe variation in earlobes, hair, and facial features among classmates and discuss how these traits may be inherited across generations.
Explains how physical and some behavioral traits pass from parents to offspring, and how inherited characteristics like eye color are transmitted across generations.
Discover how genes and alleles determine eye color through melanin, and how sexual reproduction combines parental gametes to transmit genetic material and create offspring.
Explore the basics of genetics, including how genes control traits, how characteristics transmit from parents to offspring, and abortion-related terms and factors influencing inheritance.
Explore the kinds of characteristics in genetics, including species characteristics and individual characteristics, and learn how these traits define organisms and distinguish one person from another.
Explore how biological factors and environmental factors shape individuality by examining the transmission of genetic material, species differences and similarities among siblings, and how nature and behavior influence growth.
Examine the theories of inheritance, from blending inheritance to the particulate model where traits act as particles that retain their identity across generations.
Explore how chromosomes reside in the nucleus as thread-like structures that house deoxyribonucleic acid, a double helix built from sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
Explore Mendel's cross-pollination experiments, showing how deliberate crosses between plants produce offspring across generations and reveal heritable traits such as height and shape.
Explore conservation genetics, focusing on how gene dynamics in populations support biodiversity conservation and restoration to prevent extinction, and highlight how climate change and human population growth threaten species.
Explore levels of genetic diversity across India-specific contexts, including rainforest with plant and animal species, and examine diversity within the same species across populations such as squirrels.
Explore how excessive hunting, habitat loss, and human-induced environmental changes fragment populations and erode genetic diversity, especially in domesticated species, and consider approaches to conserve biodiversity.
Identify genetic diversity through dna analysis techniques such as pcr-based dna fingerprinting and short tandem repeats, using microsatellites and endangered plant cases in Hawaii.
Genetic drift describes random changes in genotype frequencies in small populations, including the founder and bottleneck effects, leading to new populations that differ from the original.
Conserve genetic diversity to safeguard species survival through ex situ methods like gene banks and captive breeding, and through in situ approaches such as parks and reserves, and population augmentation.
Explore essential genetics books, including principles of genetics and fundamentals of genetics, plus animal and population genetics resources. Gain an introduction to quantitative genetics and the genetics of populations.
Genetics is the scientific study of genes and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence. A gene is a segment of DNA that contains instructions for building one or more molecules that help the body work. DNA is shaped like a corkscrew-twisted ladder, called a double helix. The two ladder rails are called backbones, and the rungs are pairs of four building blocks (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) called bases. The sequences of these bases provide the instructions for building molecules, most of which are proteins. Researchers estimate that humans have about 20,000 genes.
All of an organism’s genetic material, including its genes and other elements that control the activity of those genes, is its genome. An organism’s entire genome is found in nearly all of its cells. In human, plant, and animal cells, the genome is housed in a structure called the nucleus. The human genome is mostly the same in all people with just small variations.
How are genes inherited?
Our DNA, including all of our genes, is stored in chromosomes, structures where proteins wind up DNA tightly so that it fits in the nucleus. Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes in our cells. The two chromosomes in each pair contain the same genes, but they may have different versions of those genes because we inherit one chromosome in each pair from our mother and the other from our father. Reproductive cells—eggs and sperm—randomly receive one chromosome from each of the 23 sets instead of both so that a fertilized egg will contain the 23 pairs needed for typical development.